Monday, January 20, 2020
student :: essays research papers
Organizations have long sought to provide employees with consolidated desktop access to the various applications, business processes, and sources (both technology and human) required to perform knowledge-based work. But as recently as five years ago, the desktop environment was still woefully inadequate to this task. The ability to access aggregated enterprise information on-demand required a more reflective, process-centric model of desktop computing-that is, if someone were to look over your shoulder as you work, would their view of your desktop reflect the nature of the work (i.e., the business processes) in which you're engaged? The classic desktop computing interface did not allow this kind of on-demand access-much of the integration between information, enterprise apps, and business process still occurred in the "gray matter" between the ears of knowledge workers. The enterprise information portal (EIP) addresses this need.. At their core functional level, EIPs are all about access-a single point of personalized, on-line access to business information and knowledge sources, as well as, increasingly, real-time access to core applications and processes. Key enabling technologies here include advances in security (including sophisticated directory/authentication services), the proliferation of "portlets" or "gadgets" (API-like chunks of code for plugging enterprise apps into the portal), as well as the maturation and widespread adoption of XML (for "active" or "intelligent" content). As the technology behind portals evolves, so do the ways in which enterprises are using enterprise portals to achieve their business goals. Originally adopted by small departments and subsets of employees, the portal concept has expanded to encompass virtually all employees as well as the extended organization's partners and su ppliers. Enterprise portals are reaching all the way out to individual customers, providing them with a personalized view of the organization or enterprise.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Monopoly as a source of market failure Essay
Abtsract. Environmental problems also occur when one of the participants in an exchange of property rights is able to exercise an inordinate amount of power over the outcome. This can occur, for example, when a product is sold by a single seller, or monopoly. A firm that has no competitors in its industry is called a monopoly. Monopolies are not all evil. Neither are they utterly good. Monopolies are much maligned because their profit incentive leads them to raise prices and lower output in order to squeeze more money out of consumers. As a result, governments typically go out of their way to break up monopolies and replace them with competitive industries that generate lower prices and higher output. Our study examines Arcelor-Mittal: the uncontrolled growth of this steel giant often at the expense of peoplesââ¬â¢ health in a rapidly globalizing world has given people all around the world common cause for resistance. We have focused on Arcelor-Mittal Temirtau Kazakhstan which as we think is the best example of monopoly of market failure. Our paper work on ââ¬Å"Monopoly as a source of market failureâ⬠explores global steel giantââ¬â¢s environmental and social impacts in 2008-2009 that have emerged from the Environmental&Natural Resource Economics. First, we provide the background information about the theory of natural monopoly as a source of market failure. Then we show the certain case of such monopoly ââ¬â ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan. Our research analysis is divided to two parts: background information and social&environmental impacts of global steel giantââ¬â¢s work in our homeland. Considering the situation and the current conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we then provide following solutions to the company that have to be implemented in order to enable it to overcome and or limit the potential problems in the foresseable future. This topic is very crucial and relevant not just only for our country to be mentioned and finally to be solved but also for the whole world as Arcelor-Mittal is operating worldwide. However it still neither has taken into account the seriousness of the problems that it has induced to the environment nor all of the responsibility. Introduction: The rise of a steel giant. We are all shareholders, maybe not in the company, but 1 / 13 indeed in our environments, and shareholders of corporations such as ArcelorMittal need to be aware of this reality. Company shareholders are often blinded by the glossy reports, company greenwash and figures detailing rising profits. This paper work seeks to create a new awareness amongst ArcelorMittalââ¬â¢s shareholders, and calls on them to act on the evidence presented. Many perceive the rise of Mittal Steel ââ¬â now ArcelorMittal ââ¬â from a small mill to a global steel giant as one of the great wonders of the business world. The success of the company has coincided with the exploitation of weaker national laws and political wrangling. In the last three decades Mittal has bought up old, run-down state-owned steel factories in places like Trinidad, Mexico, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, South Africa and Algeria. The cost of Mittal Steelââ¬â¢s success has largely been paid by the communities living and working near the companyââ¬â¢s plants. Mittal Steel has a global reputation for prioritising productivity over the environment, communities and fair labour practices in countries where it operates steel mills, such as Romania, Poland, Czech Republic South Africa, Kazakhstan and the United States, in spite of frequent company statements about its attention to and investment in these areas. No longer can they be uninformed shareholders reaping annual profits. They need to accept responsibility for the negative impacts their investments have on peoplesââ¬â¢ lives along with accepting the profits they reap on their shares. It is critical to understand that the local injustices presented in the report will not just ââ¬Ëgo awayââ¬â¢. They need careful deliberation and shareholder resolutions for ethical investment that calls for improved operations on the ground in order to deliver environmental justice to local people. Economic monopolies have existed throughout much of human history. In ancient and medieval times dire scarcity of resources was common and affected the lives of most human beings. When resources are extremely scarce, little room exists for a multiplicity of producers for many products and services. Monopoly is a well-defined market structure where there is only one seller who controls the entire market supply, as there are no close substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the entry of rival producers. However in this dynamically changing world there is no such situation where the commodity does not have a substitute. So for a monopoly to be effective there must be no practical substitutes for the product or service sold, and no serious threat of the entry of a competitor into the market. This enables the seller (ââ¬Å"monopolistâ⬠) to control the price. The term monopolist is derived from the Greek word ââ¬Å"monoâ⬠, meaning ââ¬Å"singleâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"polistâ⬠meaning seller. Thus the monopolist may be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. At the beginning we state the background information about the theory of natural monopoly as a source of market failure. Then we show the certain case of such monopoly ââ¬â ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan. Our research analysis is divided to two parts: background information and social&environmental impacts of global steel giantââ¬â¢s work in our homeland. Considering the situation and the current conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we then provide following solutions to the company that have to be implemented in order to enable it to overcome and or limit the potential problems in the foresseable future. The Theory of Natural Monopoly. Market failure occurs when resources are misallocated, or allocated inefficiently. There are five important sources of market failure, each of which results from the failure of one of the assumptions basic to the perfectly competitive model. Each also points to a potential role for government in the economy. One of the causes of market failure is imperfect competition, particularly monopolies. An imperfectly competitive market is one where the assumption of many buyers and sellers does not hold. These types of market organizations include monopoly, monopsony, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. The operations of monopoly or natural monopoly often result in misuse of market power and inefficient allocation of resources, which reduce community welfare. For this reason, governments generally regulate monopoly and enforce laws preventing cartels. This type is a major rationale for a comprehensive competition policy. A monopoly is a market with one seller and many buyers. A monopoly may exist because of special 2 / 13 government regulation or because the monopolist is the sole owner of a resource (due to a patent or some other reason). A monopoly has the following characteristics: â⬠¢There is only one producer in the market â⬠¢They sell a single product with no close substitutes â⬠¢Monopolies are price makers. The monopolies demand curve is the market demand curve; therefore the firm can sell the product at a higher price but only if it reduces output. It has control over the price or quantity sold, but not both. â⬠¢There are very strong barriers to entry. This might include: High capital costs; High ââ¬Ësunkââ¬â¢ costs. Sunk costs are those which cannot be recovered if the firm goes out of business, such as advertising costs ââ¬â the greater the sunk costs the greater the barrier. Technological knowledge, when one firm acquires the technological know-how that other firms do not have Patents and copyrights, protecting other firms from copying their product; Government regulations and restrictions; The monopoly can execute predatory pricing which involves dropping price very low in a ââ¬Ëdemonstrationââ¬â¢ of power and to put pressure on existing or potential rivals and/or limit pricing. Limit pricing is a specific type of predatory pricing which involves a firm setting a price just below the average cost of new entrants ââ¬â if new entrants match this price they will make a loss! A natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is a firm that can supply a good or service to an entire market at a lower price than if there were two or more firms. It has some similarities to a monopolist. It is an imperfect competitor, the sole producer in a market, and able to retain this position because of barriers to entry, such as government regulation, technological leadership or large start-up capital, It is able to restrict output in order to increase price and earn supernormal profits. However, a natural monopoly has a downward-sloping average cost curve (AC) over the relevant range of outputs, which results from economies of scale. Economies of scale develop in the long run, which is a period of time when all inputs are variable and the constraints imposed by diminishing returns no longer apply. The graph below shows the long run as being made up of a series of short-run periods, shown as a series of short-run AC en shown together illustrate economies of scale. Figure 1. Economies of scale. Source Senior Economics Workbook: NCEA Level 3. Geoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, 2005. Chapter 10. Page 93. A ââ¬Å"natural monopolyâ⬠because it is economically efficient for there to only be one supplier. The following diagram can help to illustrate just why: Figure 2. A natural monopoly. Source Senior Economics Workbook: NCEA Level 3. Geoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, 2005. Chapter 10. Page 109. Given the downward sloping supply curve, and ignoring the demand curve for a minute, having an equilibrium at point E1, which gives us price P1. We could assume that this is a monopoly equilibrium, where Q1 represents the entire size of the market ââ¬â it represents everybody who wants to buy the good. But in the case of a duopoly market, where there are two suppliers, we could assume that each seller in the market has exactly half of the market. This corresponds to the equilibrium E2 on the above diagram, which gives us quantity Q2 and price P2. We can assume the Q2 = 0. 5 x Q1, and that each of the two firms supplies Q2 of the good in question. And here a major problem arises. If we have one firm only, the marginal cost of supply is P1, which is lower than the duopoly price, P2. This means that having two firms in a market ends up with the firms having to charge a higher price than if only one firm existed. In this case, it is efficient, or ââ¬Å"naturalâ⬠, for there to only be one firm in 3 / 13 the market. This is why declining-marginal-cost industries are called natural monopolies. Because natural monopolies tend to be utilities, which are services like gas, electricity, water and telephones, which the public generally holds to be necessities of life, we are not comfortable allowing these firms to charge monopoly prices (i. e. , the pricing where MR = MC). Because these are staples or necessities, the demand curve for these goods is very inelastic ââ¬â it is very steep. This means that the monopolist price would be much higher than the free-market price, and a large volume of people would be denied basic necessities of life. Instead, we use the power of government to regulate prices in these markets. The normal avenue for regulation of natural monopolies is the public utilities commission. These exist at the state-level in the United States, and at the national level in many other countries. Utilities commissions are given the task of making sure that utility companies make enough money to stay in business, but not enough to enjoy monopoly profits. They make sure that everybody is served, and served well, in theory. Since utilities are monopolies that are not subject to market forces and competition, they have little pressure to be responsive to market forces, which means that they do not have to treat their customers well, because their customers do not have the ability to switch to a different supplier. The costs of monopoly: â⬠¢Less choice. Clearly, consumers have less choice if supply is controlled by a monopolist ââ¬â for example, the Post Office used to be monopoly supplier of letter collection and delivery services across the UK and consumers had no alternative letter collection and delivery service. â⬠¢High prices. Monopolies can exploit their position and charge high prices, because consumers have no alternative. This is especially problematic if the product is a basic necessity, like water. â⬠¢Restricted output Monopolists can also restrict output onto the market to exploit its dominant position over a period of time, or to drive up price. â⬠¢Less consumer surplus A rise in price or lower output would lead to a loss of consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the extra net private benefit derived by consumers when the price they pay is less than what they would be prepared to pay. Over time monopolist can gain power over the consumer, which results in an erosion of consumer sovereignty. â⬠¢Asymmetric information There is asymmetric information ââ¬â the monopolist may know more than the consumer and can exploit this knowledge to its own advantage. â⬠¢Productive inefficiency Monopolies may be productively inefficient because there are no direct competitors a monopolist has no incentive to reduce average costs to a minimum, with the result that they are likely to be productively inefficient. â⬠¢Allocative inefficiency Monopolies may also be allocatively inefficient ââ¬â it is not necessary for the monopolist to set price equal to the marginal cost of supply. In competitive markets firms are forced to ââ¬Ëtakeââ¬â¢ their price from the industry itself, but a monopolist can set (make) their own price. Consumers cannot compare prices for a monopolist as there are no other close suppliers. This means that price can be set well above marginal cost. â⬠¢Net welfare loss Even accounting for the extra profits derived by a monopolist, which can be put back into the economy when profits are distributed to shareholders, there is a net loss of welfare to the community. Welfare loss is the loss of community benefit, in terms of consumer and producer surplus, that occurs when a market is supplied by a monopolist rather than a large number of competitive firms. 4 / 13. â⬠¢Monopoly welfare loss A ââ¬Ënet welfare lossââ¬â¢ refers any welfare gains less any welfare loses as a result of an economic transaction or a government intervention. Using ââ¬Ëwelfare analysisââ¬â¢ allows the economist to evaluate the impact of a monopoly. â⬠¢Less employment Monopolists may employ fewer people than in more competitive markets. Employment is largely determined by output ââ¬â the more output a firm produces the more labour it will require. As output is lower for a monopolist it can also be assumed that employment will also be lower. The benefits of monopoly:Monopolies can provide certain benefits, including: â⬠¢Exploit economies of scale As we have already mentioned above, the natural monopoly exploits economies of large scale. This means that it can produce at low cost and pass these savings on to the consumer. However, there would be little incentive to do this and the savings made might be used to increase profits or raise barriers to entry for future rivals. â⬠¢Dynamic efficiency Monopolists can also be dynamically efficient ââ¬â once protected from competition monopolies may undertake product or process innovation to derive higher profits, and in so doing become dynamically efficient. It can be argued that only firms with monopoly power will be in the position to be able to innovate effectively. Because of barriers to entry, a monopolist can protect its inventions and innovations from theft or copying. â⬠¢Avoidance of duplication of infrastructure The avoidance of wasteful duplication of scarce resources ââ¬â if the monopolist is a ââ¬Ënatural monopolyââ¬â¢ it can be argued that competitive supply would be wasteful. Natural monopolies include gas, rail and electricity supply. A natural monopoly occurs when all or most of the available economies of scale have been derived by one firm ââ¬â this prevents other firms from entering the market. But having more than one firm will mean a wasteful duplication of scarce resources. â⬠¢Revenue Monopolists can also generate export revenue for a national economy. A single firm may gain from economies of scale in its own domestic economy and develop a cost advantage which it can exploit and sell relatively cheaply abroad. Remedies for monopoly:If a monopolist can gain a foothold in a market it becomes very difficult for new firms to enter, with the result that the price mechanism is restricted from doing its job. Resources cannot be allocated to where they are most needed because the monopolist can erect barriers to other firms. These barriers will not ââ¬Ënaturallyââ¬â¢ come down. The failure of markets to ââ¬Ëself regulateââ¬â¢ is at the heart of monopoly as a ââ¬Ëmarket failure. There are a number of ways in which the negative effects of monopoly power can be reduced: Regulation of firms who abuse their monopoly power. This could be achieved in a number of ways, including: â⬠¢Price controls Setting price controls. For example, the current UK competition regulator, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), has developed a system of price ââ¬Ëcappingââ¬â¢ for the previously state owned natural monopolies like gas and water. This price capping involves tying prices to just below the current general inflation rate. The formula, RPI ââ¬â X, is used, where the RPI (the Retail Price Index) is the chosen index of inflation and ââ¬ËXââ¬â¢ is a level of price reduction agreed between the regulator and the firm, based on expected efficiency gains. â⬠¢Prohibiting mergers Prohibiting mergers ââ¬â in the UK the Competition Commission can prohibit mergers between firms that create a combined market share of 25% or more if it believes that the merger would be against the ââ¬Ëpublic interestââ¬â¢. In making their judgement, the ââ¬Ëpublic interestââ¬â¢ takes into account the effect of the merger on jobs, prices and the level of competition. â⬠¢Breaking up the monopoly Breaking up the monopoly into several smaller firms. For example regulators in the EU are currently 5 / 13 investigating potential abuse of market dominance by Microsoft, which is under threat of being broken up into two companies ââ¬â one for its operating systems and the other for software. â⬠¢NationalisationBringing the monopoly under public control ââ¬â which is referred to as ââ¬Ënationalisationââ¬â¢. The ultimate remedy for an abusive monopoly is for the State to take a controlling interest in the firm by acquiring over 50% of its shares, or to take it over completely. The monopolist can still be run along commercial lines, but be made to operate as though the market were competitive. â⬠¢Deregulation In those cases where a monopolist is already State controlled, such as the Post Office, it may be necessary to engage in deregulation to enable it to become more efficient. Deregulation could be used to bring down barriers to entry and open up a previously state controlled industry to competition, as has happened with the British Telecom and British Rail monopolies. This may help encourage new entrants into a market. Do Monopolies Undermine The Environment? As monopoly and natural monopoly tend to have a perpetual ownership of a scarce resource, they do not only ââ¬Ëtie-upââ¬â¢ the existing scarce resources making it difficult for new entrants to exploit these resources, but also they often cause some environmental problems. Furthermore for many skeptics of the environmental benefits of market economies it seems that the fear of monopoly control over natural resources is one of their greatest concerns as well. The reality is actually much more complicated, because of the following: 1. Most natural resource industries are not controlled by monopolies, and are in fact characterized by a high degree of competitiveness. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries are almost everywhere characterized by markets with hundreds or thousands of players, some of them big but with plenty of smaller players as well. While limited degrees of market power exist in some of these industries in some areas, on the whole they are actually some of the more competitive industries in the world. Even energy and mineral industries are fairly competitive and where they are not they are characterized by oligopoly structures, almost never a monopoly. 2. Monopolies restrict output and raise the price of goods above their marginal costs (which leads to a loss of social welfare), which is why economists (mostly) consider them bad. But from an environmental perspective, they may actually be quite good since they lead to lower resource use and higher prices. For example, if oil was a completely competitive market the price would be lower and we would burn even more of it than if OPEC kept the price artificially high! The problem the environmentalist faces is not that monopolies keep prices high and limit output (thatââ¬â¢s called conservation), but that this has a regressive effect and hurts the poor. (By the way, this is one of the biggest issues that confront environmentalists more generally, who for the most part would like to see resource prices rise. ). 3. As to examples where monopolies restrict R&D or limit technological innovation, there certainly are examples of this, but in general, the profit motive is sufficient to overcome this. Bottom line: the cheap prices of resources are the greatest threat to advances in efficiency and monopolies lead us in the opposite direction. 4. There are examples of what economists call ââ¬Å"natural monopoliesâ⬠where fixed costs are so high that only one company can be profitable providing a given service in a given region; examples are water, telecommunications, and electricity (imagine if every provider of water had to build their own pipe system? ). In cases where natural monopolies arise it is much more efficient for society to grant the company limited monopoly rights and regulate them. These are often called public utilities and abound in America (PG&E is my public utility in CA). The problem with public utilities is that often the regulators force them to charge very low prices that favor consumers but again lead to increased uses of resource; that is, if the monopolies were unregulated we would see lower resource use. 5. Let us not forget that the biggest monopolies in the history of humanity are state-owned. The monopolies in the former Soviet Union were certainly the biggest ever (and the worst environmental 6 / 13 offenders the world has ever known), and even today state-run monopolies for all sorts of resources (primarily oil, gas, and telecommunications) abound. Almost without fail, they are characterized by high prices, poor service, and abysmal environmental records. 6. Since competitive markets are one of the foundations of a prosperous economy, market-based societies have developed various forms of anti-trust legislation to ensure relatively high degrees of competitive in most markets. Laws regulating market share, anti-competitive pricing, etc. are commonplace in all of the advanced market systems, and have a relatively good record of success. Probably the greatest success has been in the telecommunications industry where deregulation has led to real price declines of almost 95% in telecommunications fees over the past 25 years. (Examples of the failure of states to break up monopolies abound in Latin America, particularly in telecom. I have written about how the Telmex in Mexico is one of the most egregious examples of robbing from the poor to give to the rich and how it is a great impediment to Mexicoââ¬â¢s economic development. What the Mexiccam telecommunications industry desperately needs is more market-based competition to break Telmexââ¬â¢s grip, but unfortunately, due to immense corruption the average Mexican must continue to spend large shares of their meager earnings on phone calls. ) 7. Probably the biggest pro-competition policy is free trade and globalization. The greatest threats to regional and national monopolies come from trade from abroad and the innovation that trade accelerates. Contrary to popular wisdom, globalization does not increase the power of corporations over individuals, but just the reverse; people can shift their business to the other companies more easily as their choices increase. If you doubt this, just look at how lists of the ââ¬Å"Fortune 500â⬠companies continually shift every few years, and even more so in this more globalized age. In summary, while economists have long ago identified the pros and cons of monopolies, how they interact with environmental outcomes is not entirely straight-forward. What is obvious is that in non market-based economies we witness the worst forms of monopoly abuse and the resulting environmental degradation. ArcelorMittal: Going nowhere slowly. Background. ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan(formerly Mittal Steel Temirtau, Ispat Karmet and Karaganda Metallurgical Plant). Arcelor Mittal Temirtau (AMT), founded in 1950, is one of the largest integrated steel plants in the world. The steel plant, along with all its infrastructure facilities, captive coal, iron ore and power plant, was acquired by ArcelorMittal ââ¬â then Ispat ââ¬â from the Kazakhstan government in 1995. Located in the city of Temirtau, population 170 000, in the Karaganda Region of Central Kazakhstan, it covers about 5 000 hectares and has a steel-making capacity of about 5. 5 million tonnes per annum. AMT operates eight coal mines in the region, producing a total of 12 202 million tonnes of coal in 2007. In the same year AMTââ¬â¢s output of rolled steel was 3. 581 million tonnes. The plant exports about 90 percent of its output, mostly to Russia, Iran and China. The towns of Temirtau and Karaganda as well as the surrounding area (about 1 million people) indirectly depend on the plant, which used to account for nearly 10 percent of Kazakhstanââ¬â¢s GDP . As of 2006 it employed 55 000 people and generated 4 percent of the countryââ¬â¢s GDP. Figure 3. ArcelorMittal Temirtau exports the majority of its steel output but local residents pay the costs. Photo by CEE Bankwatch Network. Table 1. Mittalââ¬â¢s plant in Temirtau has received several direct and indirect loans from IFIs in the last 12 years: Year1997 Financial InstitutionEBRD PurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in the steel mill and coal mines; develop value-added, higher quality steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & safety impacts and bring the company into compliance with World Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 54 million 7 / 13 RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1997 Financial InstitutionIFC. PurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in the steel mill and coal mines; develop value-added, higher quality steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & safety impacts and bring the company into compliance with World Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 132. 5 million RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1999 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo support the development of small and medium enterprises directly or indirectly associated with AMT and/or to assist workers formerly employed by AMT and/or to provide for the growth of the private sector in the Karaganda region. AmountUSD. 2. 5 million RecipientIndirect financial help to AMT through Kazkommertsbank. Year2001 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo stimulate the relationship between the large corporate sector (in this case AMT) and the private SME sector. AmountUSD 3. 4 million equity investments. RecipientAMT. Year2004 Financial InstitutionIFC corporate loanPurposeTo enable LNM to improve the environmental performance of its present and future subsidiaries and bring them up to World Bank Group and/or European Union standards; ââ¬â to assist LNM in creating and maintaining an environmental and worker health and safety system on a corporate wide level, to bring all its current and future operations in compliance with WB and/or EU standards;- to rehabilitate, dbottleneck and provide working capital and cash support to LNMââ¬â¢s present and future subsidiaries. à Ã
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1805 Words
More women are serving in combat in the United States armed forces than ever before, despite this, there is little research on combat PTSD in women and comparisons of PTSD among men and women as well as how PTSD presents in differing ways in women than to their male counterparts. Post-traumatic stress disorder ââ¬â more commonly known as PTSD ââ¬â is most commonly associated with veterans of war and was originally termed shell-shock which was seen as a side effect of war during World War II. Now, scientists understand much more about post-traumatic stress disorder and it has become a treatable psychological disorder. However, as with many other psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, PTSD varies minutely between men and women. (Gilbert, Nock, Schacter, Wegner, 2015, p. 599-600) Many gendered differences within PTSD have little research behind them because women have just recently begun work in combat and there hasn t been nearly enough research put into combat PTSD in women. In the few studies that were scientifically approved, there were certain differences, especially in pain complaints between men and women. Within the realm of combat zone PTSD, women also struggle greatly to have their problems heard among the vastness of the Armed Forces Administration. Both genders suffer from sleeping disorders caused by PTSD but women tend to have a greater likelihood for severe sleep disturbances while suffering from PTSD. Surprisingly, women also have a greaterShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words à |à 4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words à |à 6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Studentââ¬â¢s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words à |à 6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as ââ¬Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event ââ¬â either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the eventâ⬠(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words à |à 5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. ââ¬Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).â⬠PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words à |à 6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words à |à 5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words à |à 7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ââ¬Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous eventâ⬠(National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were ââ¬Å"shockedâ⬠by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words à |à 4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words à |à 8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a personââ¬â¢s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. ââ¬Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words à |à 6 PagesYim ââ¬â Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war
Thursday, December 26, 2019
Fourth Grade School Supplies List
In the fourth grade, students begin to establish a foundation for developing research skills, writing skills, and critical reading skills. The supplies listed here are typical of the tools students will use to learn fourth grade skills. As always, you should check with your teacher to determine the specific supplies youll need. No. 2 Pencils Students will go through many pencils and erasers in the fourth grade, so it is important to keep a full supply in the home.Eraser packs Dont be caught unprepared!Planner Time management skills are important for success in the fourth grade, as students often find homework assignments require a bit more organization and planning than ever before.Colored pocket folders Teachers often require separate folders for individual subjects.Binder In the fourth grade, subjects may be separated in a binder. Some teachers encourage students to keep time management aids in binders.Wide-ruled paper This type of paper is often required for essay assignments.Highlighters Students begin to use highlighters to mark important information on study sheets and notes.Red pens In the fourth grade, students may start to switch papers for grading. Red pens and pencils are used for grading other students assignments.Pencil box Its important to stay organized.Backpack Many schools require students to use clear backpacks.Pencil sharpener Youll need one for test day!Bookmarks Youll be reading more advanced books.Colored pencils Students begin to study geography in the fourth grade in much greater detail. Colored pencils will be used for maps and other projects.Ruler Students begin to work with graphs in the fourth grade. Geometry is also a subject students will explore in some depth.Flashcards Students begin to learn concepts in math such as order of operations. It is important for students to fully memorize multiplication tables.
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
Lady Bertilak and the Changes to Power - 940 Words
Lady Bertilak and the Changes to Power The fourteenth century placed social and economic changes in the government. The founding of chivalric orders kept aristocratic ideals alive, and because of this, there were major changes in chivalry. Chivalry is the religious, moral, and social code of a medieval knight. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain is characterized as being one of the most loyal knights that followed chivalric orders. Not only is he deemed loyal, but he has a reputation of being a great and courtly lover. Great knights are devoted to the church before anything else. On the other hand, when courtly love is presented to him, Gawain is conflicted between the physical love and spiritual love he has for the church. Morgan le Fay and Lady Bertilak sought to use their strength and age differences to test Gawainââ¬â¢s knightly honor. Lady Bertilakââ¬â¢s role, specifically, were orders of Lord Bertilak. Behind closed doors, Lady Bertilak had a powerful presence because she tempted Gawain with tokens of l ove. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Lady Bertilak is the most powerful female in the story because the sexual innuendos she fulfills for her husband tests Gawainââ¬â¢s knightly honor. In Lord Bertilaks court, Lady Bertilak is a force to be reckoned with in the bedroom. On the first day of her assault, Lady Bertilak begins to establish her own bargain with Gawain with the help of Morgan le Fay, who is Gawainââ¬â¢s aunt. As a team, Lady Bertilak was ââ¬Å"hand in hand with aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1480 Words à |à 6 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight is an Arthurian romance that is one of the first to highlight womenââ¬â¢s roles during the period of change that comes with King Arthurââ¬â¢s demise. Culturally, during the time period, women had little perceived power. Women were treated well and often idolized, but they remained in a male-dominated society, where they were not respected as their own capable beings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is heavily laced with the Knightââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Code of Honor,â⬠namely the idea of chivalryRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight906 Words à |à 4 PagesKnight we see Sir Bertilak go off to hunt three very specific animals as a game with Sir Gawain. They agree that ââ¬Å"what ever [Bertilak catches] in the wood shall become [Sir Gawainââ¬â¢s], and what ever mishap comes [Sir Gawainââ¬â¢s] way will be given to [Bertilak] in exchange.â⬠(Sir Gawainâ⬠¦, ln 1105-1007). In this deal we slowly see Gawain loose his honor as paralleled with Sir Bertilakââ¬â¢s hunt. The first animal that is hunted by the knight is a deer, while this is happening we see The Lady come into Gawainââ¬â¢sRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay1588 Words à |à 7 Pagesthat of Eve, a temptress who would bring both happiness and despair to her man. One interesting twist to this story is that, like courtly love, possession of power seems to be shifted into the hands of the women. The wife of Bertilak operates unassisted against Gawain in the bedroom as the hunter and the aggressor. The great feminine power in the story, however, comes from Morgan le Fay, the evil stepsister of Arthur. She is strong enough to move into Bertilaks castle, turn him green and order himRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay1636 Words à |à 7 Pagesthat of Eve, a temptress who would bring both happiness and despair to her man. One interesting twist to this story is that, like courtly love, possession of power seems to be shifted into the hands of the women. The wife of Bertilak operates unassisted against Gawain in the bedroom as the hunter and the aggressor. The great feminine power in the story, however, comes from Morgan le Fay, the evil stepsister of Arthur. She is strong enough to move into Bertilaks castle, turn him green and orderRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1826 Words à |à 8 PagesGawain and the Green Knight, The Wife of Bathââ¬â¢s Prologue and Tale present dynamic views of the ââ¬Å"art of loveâ⬠in medieval times. In Sir Gawain, the ââ¬Å"loveâ⬠between Sir Gawain and Lady Bertilak at first appears to be genuine; however, we learn that both characters were using each other guided by ulterior motives. Lady Bertilak jabs at Gawainââ¬â¢s masculinity in order to achieve her goal. The Wife of Bathââ¬â¢s Prologue questions the meaning of love while the narrator discusses her own experience to portrayRead MoreThe Roles Of Women And The Green Knight2290 Words à |à 10 Pagesmostly used as peace-makers. In The Wifeââ¬â¢s Lament, a poem written later than Beowulf, women are still ruled by men but are starting to exhibit their own voice. Eventually, womenââ¬â¢s power and their voice is much more prominently depicted as seen in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Keywords: roles, peace-makers, voice, power Womenââ¬â¢s Roles in Medieval Writing In the present day there is little knowledge of what womenââ¬â¢s roles were during Anglo-Saxon time, therefore, the written words thatRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight and Romance Conventions Essay2226 Words à |à 9 Pagessource by having King Arthur accept the Green Knightââ¬â¢s challenge, and then Gawain interrupt the King just before he is able to do so, as opposed to the rash Caradoc who leaps forth to take up the challenge immediately. As Benson writes, by making this change from the source, Gawain ââ¬Å"is thus no longer a free agent.â⬠As demonstrated even by the seating in the hall , it is inevitable that Gawain should take the place of King Arthur, since for King Arthur to take the challenge is ââ¬Å"not semlyâ⬠(l. 348), andRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight2319 Words à |à 10 Pagesor chivalric love between noble lords and ladies, couples conventionally exchanged gifts and tokens as symbols of their affair. In Sir Gawain and the Green K night, Lady Bertilak who, throughout the poem attempts to seduce Gawain, asks for a token and offers him two of her own. The three tokensââ¬âthe glove, the ring and the girdleââ¬ârepresent a scale of temptation by which the lady seeks to discover what might tempt Gawain to compromise his commitment to Bertilak, her husband. Sir Gawain resists the firstRead More Sir Gawain vs Beowulf Essay2076 Words à |à 9 Pagesdiffering in the way they attempt to achieve this success. Gawain remains true and looks to humility to guide him, whereas Beowulf is very prideful and selfish, loving nothing more than boasting about his virtues. Regardless, both go through tremendous changes throughout their quests, dealing with repercussions, and many challenging obstacles along the way. Initially, Gawainââ¬â¢s strongest trait is humility, Beowulfââ¬â¢s is pride. In the beginning of Gawain and the Green Knight, a mysterious warrior entersRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Symbolism Essay1130 Words à |à 5 Pagesbeginning of the text, the green girdle represents security to Gawain, but by the end symbolizes dishonor. The symbolism of Lady Bertilak, girdle changes throughout the course of the poem. She tells Gawain that the green girdle has the power to keep whoever wears it, protected from harm. Gawain views the girdle as his chance at survival and decides not to exchange the girdle with Bertilak, thus breaking the terms of the mens agreement. This symbolizes Gawainââ¬â¢s ambition to stay alive, even at the expense
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
When i grow up free essay sample
I believe I remember when I was just a little girl, about the age of twelve, when I went to the Bedford Stadium and hundreds of people were scattered in the stands and at half time the announcer started to announce a bunch of girls names. I looked down to see a bunch of girls in long dresses march down the field with what seemed to be prince charming on their arms. After a while they all were down the field and the stadium would get quiet, and then the announcer would scream out a name and everyone would start cheering and the girl would start to cry, get flowers, and her picture taken. I looked at my mom and asked what was going on, she said she was just crowned homecoming queen. I remember saying back ââ¬Å"I want to be homecoming queen!â⬠As the years went by I always noticed the one game where the homecoming queen would be crowned but the idea slipped in the back of my mind, I couldnââ¬â¢t do that. We will write a custom essay sample on When i grow up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was just one little girl with a big dream. Once I got into middle school I started to be more social with a lot of different people, Being a people person helped me a lot, making people smile and happy put a smile on my face and I knew if homecoming queen was in my future I would have to start being nice to everyone. Seeing people start to notice me made me glad that I set this goal for myself because I noticed I was changing peoples attitudes with my happiness. I am now a sophomore in high school and my life has changed tremendously, I got dumped by a guy I was dating for three years, people I thought would never leave my side did, and I met my best friend of three years. I was an average teenage girl trying to find my place in high school. I wasnââ¬â¢t the strongest until one night I got a text from a girl saying ââ¬Å"I need helpâ⬠This was a girl who I went to elementary school with but never really knew or talked to so I was surprised and didnââ¬â¢t know what to say. I replied with ââ¬Å"is everything okay?â⬠The girl then went into this story about how her ex-boyfriend is going to Bedfordââ¬â¢s homecoming with another girl and she doesnââ¬â¢t want to go now, and she returned her dress and needed someone to talk to. I was so surprised she came to me since we never talked before. I told her that it was her homecoming not his and this is a once a yearà opportunity and she would regret it if she didnââ¬â¢t go. I told her I would hangout with her, and her friends are more important then a boy, and that was the last I spoke to her. I forgot about the whole situation for awhile until homecoming came around and I started pondering if she ever decided she was going to go. It was the night of the dance and I was pacing around looking for someone I knew and in the corner of my eye I saw her. She was dancing with her friends and having a great time so I went up and tapped her on the shoulder and gave her a hug. She looked stunning and her smile was as bright as the night stars. I walked away and she went back to dancing and smiling the night away. I was delighted for her. The next morning I got a text saying, ââ¬Å"Thank you so much Emma for convincing me to go because if it wasnââ¬â¢t for you I wouldnââ¬â¢t have gone, and I had a blast and feel stupid for saying I wasnââ¬â¢t going to go.â⬠My face lit up like a light bulb and I couldnââ¬â¢t stop smiling. To know I made a huge impact on her life at the moment. After that I knew being positive about being nice to people, and making an effort to people I didnââ¬â¢t talk to really paid off. Her and I began to be better friends and she always texts me with all her problems because she knows I will always be there for her. I am now nearing the end of my sophomore year in high school and I would say I am a changed person. Winning homecoming queen senior year would be nice, but it would never compare to the happiness I get when Iââ¬â¢m helping someone who feels like they can turn to me. Happiness in high school isnââ¬â¢t about how many friends you have and how popular you are, but the amount of peopleââ¬â¢s lives you touch by your good heart and personality. I believe that walking around with a smile on your face and being true to yourself is more rewarding than a crown ever could be. When I Grow Up free essay sample So, this is it. I am sitting at my computer with my fingers typing as feverously as if I was writing the next big speech of historical importance on par with the likes of the Gettysburg Address. Yet, I am not doing that. Instead, I am frantically searching the filing cabinet in my brain for experiences that have bettered me as a person and influenced my decision to apply to a prestigious four-year institution. In my short seventeen years of life I have seen and experienced things that most people twice my age have not. I have been in the deepest pits of hell and back again. Yet, I will not go so far as to claim that I deserve either pity or empathy, because that is simply not who I am. So, instead of giving you all of my saddest, most horrifying experiences in incredibly graphic detail, I am going to focus on my future. We will write a custom essay sample on When I Grow Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After all, my future is the exact reason for this essay in the first place. When I was little, my ââ¬Å"I want to be when I grow upâ⬠dreams ranged from a Disney princess to a rock star. Just like every other power hungry eight year old, I wanted to be the president of the United States at one point as well. My painful ââ¬Å"dancerâ⬠dream period came shortly after that. During my first ballet class at the local recreation center, I found out that I have about as much grace and dancing ability as a dying duck mashed together with an electric eel. Then, in junior high school, I desperately wanted to be the C.E.O of Disney. However, when I found out the amount of math involved, I stepped off of that cloud rather quickly. So, what exactly was the point of this trip down memory lane, especially when this essay is about the future? Well, just like my childhood dreams, my future is going to have to be very flexible and adept to change.What I want now, more than anything else, is to be able to study political science. As a person who loves learning and fears becoming bored, politics is perfect because while it is many things, boring is not one of them. After I graduate, I hope to go to law school. I know that my lifeââ¬â¢s current trajectory will not come about without effort, but I know that I am capable. After becoming a lawyer, well, I havenââ¬â¢t quite gotten that far yet. I plan on learning more about the person I want to be in college, and I hope that her and I become really close friends. For now, though, I must be content with the person I have become during the last seventeen years: a person who is argumentative, bitingly sarcastic, and more than slightly nerdy; a person who would really appreciate the chance to prove herself a person that belongs at your institution. (Then I can focus on tackling that Presidency).
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
Macbeth and Gladiator Essay Essay Example
Macbeth and Gladiator Essay Paper Although composed centuries apart, both Shakespearean Macbeth and Riddled Coots Gladiator explore the similar idea of ambition, through their villainous characters Macbeth and Commodes. Macbeth composed In 1606 for King James delineates a noble soldiers character transformation from an ambitious Individual to corrupted tyrant as supernatural Witches and Lady Macbeth Ignite his desire for power. Similarly, Gladiators vicious antagonist Is a malevolent personage, whose desire to be loved transforms into corrupted ambition. These similar ideas of ambition are presented in very different ways, one through the medium of drama while the other wrought film. Despite the differences, the texts establish, through literary and film techniques that ambition, without a moral framework will lead to destruction and downfall. Shakespeare portrays the destructive consequences of ambition, through the character transformation of his eponymous protagonist Macbeth. Macbeth is initially characterized as a brave and noble soldier, who is highly respected by many. However, through the interactions with the abhorrent witches, it is revealed that the physical courage he holds is Joined by a consuming ambition for power. The itches prophecies that Macbeth will be Thane of Castor and Shall be king hereafter tempt his latent ambition for power, metaphorically poisoning his psychological state, full of scorpions Is my mind; prompting him to perform treacherous acts. Macbeth believes committing regicide, ironically, Might be the be- all and end-all, although his ambitious usurpation of the throne results in destructive consequences such as remorse, paranoia and his demise. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth and Gladiator Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth and Gladiator Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth and Gladiator Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In contrast to the start of the play, Machetes characterization changes from good to evil, illustrated by Malcolm metaphorical comment This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our onuses. Shakespeare establishes through Malcolm inimical words, that Macbeth is no longer seen as a noble soldier, but as a tyrannical murderer whose name cannot be spoken of, depicting the consequences of unchecked ambition. Lady Macbeth Is the driving force behind Machetes Immoral acts and corrupted ambition. She Is ruthless, stronger and more ambitious than her husband. Her ambition causes her to go to extreme measures to gain power to the throne; Including neglecting her femininity to be able to perform acts of cruelty and violence of a man, Come to my mans breast and take my milk for gall, metaphorically revealing the evil and corrupted ambition within her. When Macbeth hesitates to murder, she repeatedly questions his manhood and calls him a coward; manipulating him into committing regicide. However, the psychological implications of murder result in her infected mind and she slowly descended into madness. Lady Macbeth is so plagued with guilt from her ambition that her hands become bloodstained and she is unable to wash the blood away, Out, damned spot! Out I say! Who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? Shakespeare utilizes a blood motif to symbolize the everlasting guilt for the murder of the king; a consequence of ambition without a moral framework. Machetes hamster, unchecked ambition, causes his rise as king, yet also leads to destructive consequences Initiating his downfall. Through Macbeth and Lady Machetes disruption to the Chain of Being, Shakespeare downfall. This is displayed with Machetes character foil Macadam. Macadams ambition was only for the good of Scotland, contrasting to Macbeth who only had fatal self- desires. Macbeth begins to erode the Chain of Being by murdering King Duncan, causing a storm that makes the earth ferrous and shake. The symbolism of the storm during Dunces murder reflects the disorder and chaos within the state from the disruption of the Chain of being. Immediately after Dunces murder Macbeth starts to unwind the natural world around. Restoration to the chain of being is returned by Macadam who kills Macbeth Shakespeare ends the play with Macadam killing Macbeth, restoring order to the country and chain of being, appeasing his audience. (Add quote) Riddled Coots 2001 film, Gladiator, utilizes film techniques and horse-trading to portray the destructive consequences of ambition without a moral frame. Commodes, Gladiators antagonist is the son of emperor Marcus Aurelias who desperately desires to be loved, yet also has a vaulting ambition to gain power to the throne. His characterization is comparable to Shakespearean Macbeth who also is corrupted by his ambition for power yet also desires to be loved. Commodes, who is not a moral man, is portrayed as an evil and corrupted character throughout the entire film, which is exemplified by the constant chiaroscuro lighting. Commodes irrupted ambition is initially depicted after he is informed that the emperors power will be passed to Maximum, causing him to murder the emperor in order for him to gain power. His ambitious usurper to the throne reflects the regicide of King Duncan by Macbeth. However, Commodes ambitious yearnings have physical consequences, metaphorically splitting [his] head to pieces depicting that corrupted ambition will lead to ones downfall. Maximum is Romeos greatest general, the antithesis of ambition which is portrayed through his humility and passion for his country. This is established through the motif of him rubbing dirt into his hands, metaphorically emphasizing that he is grounded and passionate towards his home land. His passion for Rome makes him comparable to Shakespearean Macadam who cares for the well-being of Scotland. Commodes character being told by the people to Go Away! delineates the disrespect he has through the low saturated scene. However, Juxtaposing Commodes, Maximum is adored by the people of Rome which is depicted through the brightly saturated longings and dietetic sound of the crowd repeatedly chanting Maximum! Reflecting Macadams character, Maximum is similarly humane, dirt cleans Off lot easier than blood, and respected by many. The pinnacle of Commodes corrupted ambition is represented through his duel with Maximum to gain the peoples adoration. His self-proclaimed invincibility and ambition exacerbates his hubris. As the dramatic , non-dietetic music crescendos, Commodes rises embracing light however in contrast Maximum has his head hung portraying his humility. The inversion of atypical costuming of heroes and villains depicts Commodes self-glorification- as he is dressed in white and Maximum in black. The white robes Commodes arrogantly wears become covered in blood portraying his insincere purity and corrupted ambition. Maximum, mirroring Macadam, restores order to Rome by killing Commodes. However, unlike Commodes, Maximums death is recognized -he was a soldier of Rome, honor him. A high shot reveals Rome honoring Maximum. Both Shakespearean Macbeth and Riddled Coots Gladiator development; however have differing contexts. Macbeth and Commodes are destroyed by excessive ambition which leads to their downfall, didactically conveying the importance of ambition being accompanied by a moral framework.
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