Analysis of the Fast Food Industry Essay

Presentation Aircraft industry is the point I explored in this examination. Organizations in this industry give planned household and worldwide traveler transportation, mail and cargo transportation. Significant US organizations incorporate American Airlines, Delta, Southwest, and United Continental, just as the air tasks of expedited service organizations, for example, FedEx and UPS. The business key endurance factors are productive tasks, unwavering quality of administrations, and wellbeing. The drivers of progress are web economy, globalization, and minimal effort rivalry. In light of the key endurance elements and drivers of progress, enormous organizations appreciate economies of scale in buying and the capacity to offer progressively broad types of assistance. Little carriers can contend by serving nearby or local courses. All the data was gathered from online diaries, news, and exploration and report papers. The sources incorporate industry reports, for example, Hoover, Bloomberg, and Forb es. The information was sorted out by organizers and afterward summed up into Words before placing in the paper. Each source was written in a different Word document each time it was utilized. The investigation utilizes the Porter’s 5 powers and PEST examination. Key Survival Factors In carrier industry, request relies profoundly upon the strength of the economy, which influences spending on business and relaxation air travel. Since numerous expenses are fixed, productive activities go about as a center factor to decide the gainfulness of aircrafts organizations. The fundamental tasks of carriers incorporate gaining and keeping up planes and air terminal offices, securing travelers or potentially cargo, overseeing staff, and working flights. The flight gear (planes) that an aircraft utilizes is pivotal to effective tasks. The following key endurance factor for carrier industry is wellbeing. Air traffic is developing quickly, air terminals are progressively blocked, andâ â€Å"with 2,000,000 travelers in the United States loading up in excess of 30,000 flights each day, keeping up that security record will be a challenge.† Therefore, all carrier organizations ought to have a techniques enveloping the hypothesis, examination, arrangement of flight disappoin tments, and the anticipation of such disappointments through guideline, instruction, and preparing. The organization could have lost the open picture in the event that they don’t have a method ahead of time to reaction rapidly enough in the event of crisis. To wrap things up, dependability of administration is another key endurance factor for aircraft industry. A positive open picture could be created among clients because of a notoriety for solid administrations, which can prompt more recurrent business. Unwavering quality in the carriers business incorporates: reports of misused stuff, the on-time appearance of flights, automatic loading up disavowals from overbooking flights, and traveler objections. Those carriers that can control these components could offer better support to the client, and consequently offer increasingly solid help. Drivers of Change The web and internet business has totally modified the carriers conveyance (the booking and tagging of travelers for air travel). These days, explorers can book e-tickets on their trips through the airlines’ sites or an outsider site. This has permitted aircrafts to take out administrative work, decrease operational costs, and sidestep trip specialist commissions. Besides, the potential in the worldwide travel advertise makes aircrafts organizations center more around globalization. To encourage universal development, U.S. carriers are campaigning for â€Å"open skies† settlements between the U.S. also, different countries. These settlements are reciprocal understandings that basically deregulate travel between the included nations, consequently opening up specific markets to rivalry. â€Å"The U.S. as of now has marked in excess of 60 open skies arrangements with countries around the globe.† Finally, the ascent of the minimal effort transporters has constrained an adjustment in the serious condition of the air travel industry. Southwest, and JetBlue actualize minimal effort methodologies that permit them to offer moderately low airfares. These low tolls change the whole business and power adversaries to bring down their expenses and reduction their admissions so as to remain serious. In general Assessment The carrier business is as of now not appealing. Both business andâ tourist travel are diminished when the economy eases back. â€Å"Global flight traffic ordinarily rises and falls at double the pace of monetary yield, so an adjustment in the economy can twofold the effect for airlines.† Because of moderately high fixed expenses of planes, air terminal offices, and work, aircrafts can’t effectively conform to diminished traveler traffic. In view of the monetary outcomes on Hoover’s database, the business has a low development pace of individual utilization uses starting at 2014, and it was determined to develop at a yearly aggravated pace of 4 percent somewhere in the range of 2014 and 2018. Works Cited Mouawad, Jad, and Christopher Drew. â€Å"Airline Industry at Its Safest Since the Dawn of the Jet Age.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. . â€Å"Competitive Environment of the Airline Industry.† Competitive Environment of the Airline Industry. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. . â€Å"Good times for the Airline Industry.† The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 27 Dec. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. . Fulton, Jeff. â€Å"Airline Industry Key Success Factors.† EHow. Request Media, 29 July 2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. .

Free Essays on Warriors Dont Cry

Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don’t Cry. First Washington Square Press exchange soft cover printing February 1994. Washington Square Press Publication of Pocket Books, a division of Simon& Schuster Inc. New York, NY. Melba Pattillo Beals-A lesser when she entered Central High School, Melba did a ton of growing up that year. With the Supreme Court toppling their choice, that day of that choice, on her route home from school she was assaulted and nearly assaulted. She persevered through a ton of badgering that year. She got her heels stepped on between each class and was scorched by the water when she attempted to shower after exercise center class. She had all her garments splashed on by ink and she got her eyes showered with corrosive which made her need to wear glasses. That equivalent year she survived what should be the most joyful time of a young ladies live. She got her first beau and had her first date, however everything she would ever consider was the means by which she was going to endure her following day. Albeit in the long run she happened to make a companion (Link) that helped her by disclosing to her places to stay away from, he was unable to be found in broad daylight with her. Tha t year Melba turned 16 and however that year she had no one! go to her gathering because of the way that they were terrified to approach her home because of all the bomb dangers everyone particularly the Little Rock Nine were getting. Ordinary turned into a battle for Melba, she woke-up, got dressed and went to class were she attempted to make herself not seen to maintain a strategic distance from the provocation, at that point she needed to offer meetings to journalists (which she had discovered that that was her future occupation), and afterward returned home to an interminable ringing telephone from dangers or plain old hang ups. That year she needed to due without a great deal of the high school things, when her companion Minnijean was removed, she had nobody to converse with, at home or at school. After that horrible year Melba spent at Central, she didn't return there for her senior year... Free Essays on Warrior's Don't Cry Free Essays on Warrior's Don't Cry Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don’t Cry. First Washington Square Press exchange soft cover printing February 1994. Washington Square Press Publication of Pocket Books, a division of Simon& Schuster Inc. New York, NY. Melba Pattillo Beals-A lesser when she entered Central High School, Melba did a great deal of growing up that year. With the Supreme Court upsetting their choice, that day of that choice, on her path home from school she was assaulted and nearly assaulted. She persevered through a ton of provocation that year. She got her heels stepped on between each class and was scorched by the water when she attempted to shower after exercise center class. She had all her garments splashed on by ink and she got her eyes showered with corrosive which made her need to wear glasses. That equivalent year she survived what should be the most joyful time of a young ladies live. She got her first sweetheart and had her first date, however everything she would ever consider was the manner by which she was going to endure her following day. Albeit in the long run she happened to make a companion (Link) that helped her by revealing to her places to keep away from, he was unable to be found out in the open with her. That year Melba turned 16 and however that year she had no one! go to her gathering because of the way that they were frightened to approach her home because of all the bomb dangers everyone particularly the Little Rock Nine were getting. Regular turned into a battle for Melba, she woke-up, got dressed and went to class were she attempted to make herself not seen to keep away from the badgering, at that point she needed to offer meetings to columnists (which she had established that that was her future employment), and afterward returned home to a perpetual ringing telephone from dangers or plain old hang ups. That year she needed to due without a great deal of the high school things, when her companion Minnijean was removed, she had nobody to converse with, at home or at school. After that horrible year Melba spent at Central, she didn't return there for her senior year...

Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents - OppLoans

Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents - OppLoans Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents Make Sense of Your Back-to-School CentsBack-to-school season doesn’t have to mean your budget is out the window; take advantage of these helpful money-saving tips.For retailers everywhere, back-to-school season is marked with huge dollar signs. So much so, the National Retail Federation expects spending records to reach more than $80 billion in 2019, according to CNBC.CNBC also reports roughly 43% of parents have felt pressured to overspend during back-to-school shopping. But if maintaining your budget is the goal, there is no reason for that school supply list to totally annihilate your wallet.There are many ways to ensure a hassle free back-to-school season for your family. From preplanning to closet trimming, a little preparation can go a long way.Make a planJust like with grocery shopping, a little list-making can save you from a headache and wallet-ache. When it comes to school supply prep, The Krazy Coupon Lady recommends memorizing the stock-up prices at local stores ahead o f time (or at least jotting them down) so you can make the most of your supply savings. That way you know when to hold off or stock up on things your student might need down the road.The Krazy Coupon Lady has a whole list of prices that indicate it’s time to stock up here.Stick to cashSticking to cash is a way budgeters suggest to keep yourself from overspending because it takes a lot more prep than just swiping a card everywhere you go. The Budget Mom, Kumiko Love, is an all-cash spender. For Love, school supply purchases are something she plans for well in advance.“As an all-cash spender, one of the ways I prepare for back-to-school expenses is by saving early,” she said. “Every month, I set aside a small amount of money into a sinking fund, so when the time comes to get my son ready for a new school year, I have the cash available.”Love’s approach to back-to-school shopping is the same as how many prepare for holiday shopping. Squirreling away a little money at a time adds up quickly and can save the hassle of rebudgeting down the road.Search for savings  The Krazy Coupon Lady also suggests keeping an eye out for coupons both online and in print publications. She specifically advises to watch for coupons in magazines like Parenting, which offer a great selection as the new school year approaches.A few other recommendations via The Krazy Coupon Lady:Sunday newspaper coupons will have a few coupons for school supplies each week.In-store coupons are typically found on the shelves, near the store entrance, or inside of products.Printable coupons for school supplies become available while back-to-school season is in full swing, so warm up your printer!Stay on-listLaurie at The Passionate Penny Pincher suggests only purchasing the things your student will need for the first week until the teacher sends home a more specific list of needed items.“Ive purchased unnecessary school supplies way too many times to count, because I was following the generic supply list put out by the school district,” she said. “While this grade-specific supply list is generally what kids will need for school, its really a collection of items most teachers tend to put on their lists. For the real list of what your childs teachers want them to bring to school, wait until the first week of school when your kiddos will bring home a list that includes more specific items.”Take stock before hitting the storeBefore you head out to shop, take an inventory of what your student(s) have left from the previous school year. Did they use up all of those notebooks, folders, and pens? Is there anything that can weather another school year or at least the first semester? Chances are there are things that can have a second life.When it comes to reusing supplies, Love said, “I gather all of the office supplies, and my sons art supplies, and start grouping like items. If he has an open box of markers, I try to make a full set with other markers that are no longe r in a box. I check things off the list as I sort through the pile so I know exactly what I still need to buy.”A Forbes article advised the same approach as Love. Take stock of everything from clothes to school supplies to make sure you aren’t spending on things you already have on hand.“Im guilty of forgetting unopened packages of socks that got buried at the bottom of an overstuffed drawer,” wrote contributor Janet Berry-Johnson in her article. “Go through the clothing and supplies you have on hand and decide what can be reused this year.” Berry-Johnson went on to suggest donating anything you come across that isn’t needed. Then save the receipt for your 2019 taxes.Sell what you don’t needWith a new school year (and growing kiddos), you usually have a plethora of new clothes to replace the old. If you’ve got a closet full of clothes your student either can’t or won’t wear anymore, why not put their things to good use?Love suggests selling anything your studen t doesn’t need anymore, which is a fabulous way to recoup some of the money you’re spending on their new threads or supplies:“Do a full sweep of your kids closet prior to hitting the clothing store,” she said. “Bring in the clothes that don’t fit to get cash back or in-store credit to help with the cost of the new clothes.”Love also suggests having your kids help with this process to ease the burden of it: “My son loves to be involved in this process because he has a voice on what he wants to keep, what he likes to wear, and I can have him try on clothes throughout the process.”Once you’ve made out with the old and some room for the new, you can put your new back-to-school savings skills to use.For more tips on making the most of back-to-school savings and teaching your kids why they may not need all the newest and coolest back-to-school gear, check out these articles below:6 Genius Textbook Hacks Every Student Should KnowMore on How to Save Money on Back-to-Scho ol SuppliesFinancial Literacy for Kids

Euthanasia in Australia Essay - 2597 Words

When we hear the phrase voluntary euthanasia people generally think of one of two things: the active termination of life at the patients or the Nazi extermination program of murder. Many people have beliefs about whether euthanasia is right or wrong, often without being able to define it clearly. Some people take an extreme view, while many fall somewhere between the two camps. The derivation means gentle and easy death coming from the Greek words, eu - thanatos. Euthanasia was formerly called quot;mercy killing,quot; euthanasia means intentionally making someone die, rather than allowing that person to die naturally. Put bluntly, euthanasia means killing in the name of compassion. Euthanasia is often confused with physician-assisted†¦show more content†¦Suicide is legal in all Australian states and territories. If you want to kill yourself, you can do so. No one has any right to stop you, unless they can show adequate proof of insanity. Various popular books are available which even give details of reliable methods in which to end ones life. If a person says he/she wishes to die, and is not immobilised by disease, yet continues to remain alive, he/she is clearly not serious about wishing to die, but has expressed a false wish. However, some people who wish to commit suicide are incapacitated to such an extent that they would be unable to commit suicide without assistance. Killing a person in these circumstances can be described as quot;voluntary euthanasiaquot;. Both mental and physical incapacity are relevant. Solutions, which have been proposed to address impediments preventing suicide, arising from various forms of incapacity, are listed below: 1) A person is mentally competent but physically incapacitated. Euthanasia laws would provide for the person to issue a formal request to be killed, and make it legal for some other person to do the killing. 2) Person is mentally incompetent to make decisions: Euthanasia laws would provide for a person who is mentally competent to issue a formal request stipulating that if he/she becomes incompetent and terminally ill, he/she is to have their life terminated. Or, alternatively,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Euthanasia in Australia1829 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough euthanasia is a complex and controversial subject, under certain conditions people should have the right to decide to end their own lives. Is euthanasia murder or mercy? We need to understand what Mercy, Murder and Euthanasia are before we c an form any opinion. (Oxford dictionary) Mercy / (say mersee) Compassionate or kindly forbearance shown towards: an offender, an enemy, or other person in ones power; compassion, pity, or benevolence. Murder / (say merduh) Unlawful killingRead MoreEuthanasi The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1650 Words   |  7 PagesAdelaide students think about legalising voluntary euthanasia in Australia? Introduction The purpose of this research is to seeking and analysing the opinions about legalising voluntary euthanasia within Adelaide students (aged 18-25 years old). With recent changes to legalisation of child euthanasia in Belgium, the controversial issue of euthanasia is currently being re-spotlighted all over the world. Ongoing active discussion on the legalisation of euthanasia mainly debates individual’s choices in endingRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Termination Of Life At A Patients883 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia is the termination of life at a patients request and is performed by a doctor (G. van Tol, Rietjens, van der Heide, 2012, p. 296) and is often confused with physician assisted suicide (PAS), which is where a physician prescribes a lethal dose of medication for the patient to take in their own time (Pereira, 2011, p. e38). The debate surrounding euthanasia is a long and tiresome one with no foreseeable end. Currently, euthanasia is legal in three countries and four US states and PAS isRead MoreEuthanasi Ethical And Legal Issues Within The Australian Context1550 Words   |  7 Pagesis more challenging to reconcile than that of euthanasia. The legalisation of euthanasia continues to be passionately debated. 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What are the dangers of euthanasiaRead MoreThe Community in The Giver is Not a Better Alternative to Contemporary Australian Society883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Giver, by Lois Lowry, was published in 1993, and caused worldwide controversy over i ts views on conformity, communism, and euthanasia. It is about a character named Jonas, who lives in a conformist community where there is no colour, emotions, love, weather and most importantly, choice. This community is inferior to the modern day Australian community. The community in The Giver, which is led by a committee of Elders, does not allow for any choice, as in their eyes, choice is a risky, unnecessaryRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?977 Words   |  4 PagesEssay: Euthanasia Euthanasia is acknowledged as the practice of intentionally ending a life which liberates an individual from an incurable illness or unbearable misery. Euthanasia is known as mercy killing, perceived as an easy and painless death. 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Good morning 10C and Ms Leoni, Today I am here to talk about the controversial issue of euthanasia. This year, the Greens party has planned to introduce a ‘Rights of the Terminally Ill’ bill into state parliament. This has raised the issue of whether or not euthanasia should be legalised in Australia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending a person’s life in order to release them from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. There are two typesRead MoreEuthanasia Is Not The Active Death Of A Patient1359 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia comes from the Greek words, Eu, meaning good, and thanatosis meaning death. This means ‘Good death,’ ‘Gentle and easy death.’ It is also the word has come to be used for ‘Mercy killing.’ In this sense Euthanasia means the active death of a patient. In today’s society euthanasia has become very controversial on whether or not it is classified as a good action to take for suffering patients of painful and incurable diseases or an irreversible coma. 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Use of the Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay

Houses, electric poles, trees started to burn everywhere. Adults and children with burns over their entire bodies were gasping and pleading, Save me! Give me water! Glasses, caps, and water bottles were scattered all over. The streets were filled with glass fragments. It was heartbreaking to see so many children crying and dying. They were saying, ‘I hate America! Many adults were killed, too. And I saw dead horses, cats, dogs and other animals. - Torako Hironaka (Exposed approximately 1,300 meters from the hypocenter in Hiroshima, Japan), August 6, 1945. The fateful decision was made on July 25, 1945, the day when the official bombing orders were placed on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It was on this day that sent Miss†¦show more content†¦Before the fateful bombing, in mid July 1945, the Japanese military controlled over roughly 5,000,000-armed militants and 5,000 suicide air bombers. They were stationed all over Asia, China, Mongolia, Korea and the former USSR, to name a few, at roughly over 2,000,000 people. In the main islands of Japan as well, approximately over 2,000,000 people. Although Japan had â€Å"been seriously weakened by [United States’] increasingly violent attacks,† for example, the ongoing air bomb raids on Tokyo that devastated the entire city, â€Å"there was as yet no indication of Japan to accept unconditional surrender.† The US did delivered, however, an ultimatum, which did not conversely hint at the bomb. In spite of this Japan’s premier, Suzuki, haughtily replied back that it was ‘unworthy of public’s notice.’ Thus a list of possible targets was presented to Henry L. Stimson, US Secretary of War at the time, for his approval; hence he had doomed the fate ofShow MoreRelatedThe Motivation to Use Atomic Bombs on the Cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki2703 Words   |  11 PagesDebates on the use of the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been active for decades and continue to this day. The timeline of events and available evidence is consistent with the notion that the most compelling reason Pres. Truman authorized the use of atomic weapons was for diplomatic and political reasons, with an eye towards the Soviet Union, rather than bringing an early end to the war with the immediate surrender of Japan. The development of the atomic bomb was theRead More hiroshima and nagasaki -why did the u.s. use the atomic bomb?1150 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did the U.S. use the atomic bomb? The years leading up to World War II and the dropping of the atomic bombs were hectic and disordered, from the rise of Hitler in 1933, U.S. isolationism in 1934, to the death of U.S. President Roosevelt. The war showed no signs of ending and the security and freedom of nations around the world were in danger. Order was nowhere to be found, and the decision to even consider using the atomic bomb was unpreventable. The U.S. used the atomic bomb because it was theRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pageshistory was changed. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World War II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the lives of the bomb survivors, and thus many lives were changed forever. The atomic bombings caused many people to have genetic effects due to the radiation from the bombs. Revisionists have saidRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Japan1548 Words   |  7 PagesIt is true to say that the Japanese deserved to have two atomic bombs dropped on two industrial cities in the span of just around three days? Is it also true to say that is was alright for thousands of innocent Japanese lives to be sacrificed for the sake of showing the power of the United States to the then Soviet Union? Is the use of the atomic bomb something that can be justified even after it have killed and has a lasting effect on certain lands in Japan? This cannot be justified because of theRead MoreAmerica Chose To Drop Atomic Bombs On Japan, And This Affected1314 Words   |  6 Pageschose to drop atomic bombs on Japan, and this affected the war and the country in many ways. America was trying to stop the war and make Japan surrender. Atomic bombs, which are nuclear weapons, were dropped by the United States on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan. Atomic bombs terrify everyone today, but at that time, they were considered an indispensable step for an early end to the war with minimal human losses. Some people believed the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessaryRead MoreHiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWar Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki 15th AugustRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Is It Really Justified?1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe Atomic Bomb, was it really justified? On August 6, 1945, after forty-four months of increasingly brutal fighting in the Pacific, an American B-29 bomber loaded with a devastating new weapon flew in the sky over Hiroshima, Japan waiting for a signal. Minutes later the signal was given, that new weapon, the atomic bomb, was released. Its enormous destructive energy detonated in the sky, killing one hundred thousand Japanese civilians instantly. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, the UnitedRead MoreJapan Bombs : Was It Necessary?1188 Words   |  5 PagesRyan Nguyen Arr. 5 Japan Bombs: Was it necessary? In August of 1945, the US dropped one of the deadliest weapons ever made onto Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was a barbarous and inhumane thing to do to another country. Even though the US believed that by dropping the bomb, World War II would be over, it was not necessary because Japan had already tried to negotiate peacefully and its military was already collapsing during that time. The consequences of the atomic bomb were stunning. According toRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreWas The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Morally Justified?1736 Words   |  7 PagesWas the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ethically justified? – Why Truman decided to drop the atomic bombs on Japan – By Grace Kelsall World War 2 saw the emergence of America as a new world power on August 6th 1945, also internationally known as the traumatizing day for Hiroshima; after an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first atomic bomb. World War Two is considered a great turning point in modern history, it being one of the bloodiest and horrific wars; exposing all countries around

The Guiding Three Favorite Characters From Chaucer s Of...

The Guiding Three (Three favorite characters from Chaucer’s General Prologue) There are often times in your life where you look up to some certain people. Normally these people are called your role models. Kids growing up have all different sorts of role models, it can range from athletes, to singers, to just everyday people in their life. Always looking up to these people, you begin to adapt to their ways and aspire to be like them. There are a ton of characters in Chaucer’s story of Canterbury Tales, many of these people which could easily be looked up to, or easily looked down upon as well. Geoffery Chaucer is an extremely important author in English history. He is known as the father of the English language, because he was one that began to actually write in down in ways that we talked. Canterbury Tales is one of his most known and important writings of his time, because of the message and ways he was trying to get his message across. Satire was one of his favorite ways of writing poetry, hints the reason his best work is a classic satire by Chauce r. One way or another, I have three favorite characters from the story: the Knight, Parson, and Oxford Cleric. To begin with, the Knight is one of my favorites because of his honor. This is something that I really aspire to be known for. Whenever you hear of someone that is an honorable person, you immediately begin to think highly of that person. The hard work that is put into getting there is definitely not easy either.

English patient Essay Example For Students

English patient Essay The English Patient, directed by Anthony Minghella, is a romantic, melodramaticfilm which defines the art of cinematography. The internal and external rhythms,lighting, camera angles, lenses, music, dialogue, and editing are displayed in a way whichconveys the meanings and themes to the viewer in such a clear and efficient manner. Due to this fine exhibition, it is of the belief that film schools should use this piece ofartwork as a guide to students who wish to learn what cinematography actually is. Sopoetically did this phenomenal cast tell the story based on Michael Ondaatjes novel, thatafter each viewing , a greater love, understanding, respect and admiration arose withoutOne of the numerous themes of The English Patient is the troubles, hardships andever lasting negative emotions that war causes. It tells us that: even if one is luckyenough to escape the war without physical wounds, emotionally there is no escaping itsimpact. All of the main characters undergo some sort of pain as a result of the warbetween the Axis and Ally forces. The protagonist, Count Laszlo Almasy, a Hungariancartographer, perhaps has been struck the hardest of any. Almasy is rescued from hisplane after it is shot down and is soon mistaken for an English soldier. However, histroubles continue as his body is burnt from head to toe leaving the majority of his bodyimmobile. Almasy is dependent on heavy doses of morphine in order to temporarilyrelieve him of the excruciating pain that he suffers from. Also, if that isnt enough,Almasy fails to save the life of Katherine Clifton, a woman who he loves so dearly. Hana, the British nurse caring for Almasy, fortunately gets through the war without anyphysical damage. Unfortunately, the same cant be said for the emotional impact that shesuffers from. At times, the pain is so severe that Hana wishes death upon herself. Thediligent Nurse feels as if everyone she has ever loved eventually leaves her. Hana has thehorrifying experience of seeing thro ugh her very own eyes the death of her companionJenny during an automobile explosion. In addition, Hanas job requires her to care forwar wounded, dying patients who rely on solely hope to survive. Hana sheds some lighton the situation when she meets, and perhaps falls in love with, the intellectual Indianbomb specialist, Kip. However, as the war moves on and nears its end, Kip must transferpositions leaving Hana alone with only Almasy and Caravaggio. This sudden departureis just one of the several disappointments Hana faces. Minghella outlines this negativetheme throughout the film by displaying numerous tragedies. There exists a parallel between this film and Enrique Maria Remarques All Quieton the Western Front as both show the horrors of war. However, differences lie in thefact that Remarques novel took place during World War I and was a factual retelling. Onthe other hand, The English Patient was based on a novel that set during World War II. Itis of the opinion that although Th e English Patient is a fictitious piece of work, the stylein which it was filmed made the viewers feel that it was as real if not more realistic thanRemarques novel/movie. This was accomplished with the remarkable cinematographyinvolved in the making of this film. Another theme of the film is that of love and romance. These two themes arerepeatedly brought out by the actions of the characters.The most illustrious example ofthis lies in the relationship between Count Laszlo Almasy and Katherine Clifton. Almasyfirst encounters Clifton, in the desert where they flirtatiously argue about the use ofadjectives in literature. Almasy later sees Mrs. Clifton in an outdoor market in Cairowhere Almasy shows his affection towards her for the first time. These feelings arebecome evident through their powerful dialogue. Later, Clifton confronts Almasy abouthim following her home after leaving the market during a slow dancing at a formal affair. The married Clifton, at first reluctant to have any sexual relationship with Almasy, laterfinds herself unable to resist temptation and soon falls in love with the obsessed Almasy. The handsome Almasy shows his love towards Clifton in many ways including walkingfor days across the deserts of Cairo hoping to find a do ctor who can save the woundedClifton. The film extrapolates on their relationship by showing numerous sexualinteractions between the two. The love scenes displayed are intense and intellectualrather than explicit. This was done in order to allow the entire audience to benefit fromPerhaps the most dramatic of these scenes takes place on Christmas in Cairo inthe courtyard of the British Embassy. This scene was extremely significant, and perhapseven climatic, as we see Almasy and Katherine Clifton passionately sexually interact forthe second time. The scene commences when the screen shows the British soldierssitting at a long table in an open courtyard. Katherine walks over to a window on one ofthe walls. This window isnt made of glass, but rather possesses metal bars. Inside theEmbassy, on the other side of the window is Count Almasy. The camera pans asKatherine walks over to the window at which point Almasy tells Katherine of his plan toget her alone. The camera cuts back and forth b etween the two. At this point, a telephotolens is used to concentrate the viewers attention on Katherine and Almasy and theirdialogue rather than on the background events taking place. Music from an orquestra isheard. The music is soft and displays a happy theme as the soldiers celebrate thebirthday of Jesus ChristThe bars on the window are also extremely significant as theyare representative of a force keeping Katherine and Almasy away from each other. Almasy stands behind the window with a shadow casted on his head from metal bars. The bars, running perpendicular to each other, cast a shadow in the shape of a cross. Anironic twist comes as a result of many things. First, there are two Christians planning tocommit adultery. This is both a crime and sin in the Christian religion. It is also ironicthat it is the holiest of holidays, Christmas. Next, there is an appearance of a cross on thehead of Almasy. Along with the separation of the two by the window, these other factorsare attem pting to hint to them not to go through with their plan. The cutting rhythm of this scene is quite dynamic. After we see the shadow onAlmasys face, the camera cuts numerous times in a quick manner and displays the facesof numerous characters. The camera pans as Katherine walks back to her originalposition before going to the window. At this point she is located around the upper left toupper middle portion of the screen. The only lighting observed is the key lightingcoming from the sun. To the right of her is the table where the soldiers sit. They aredressed in uniform, facing one another across the table as they prepare for a toast. Inunison, everyone in the room raises their glasses and chants Merry Christmas. At thisprecise moment the camera is located at a high position directly above the courtyard,tilting down. The downward tilt gives the feeling of being controlled, restricted, or evenspied upon. This adds to the suspense and drama of what is yet to come. .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .postImageUrl , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:hover , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:visited , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:active { border:0!important; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:active , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Leadership Essay SummaryImmediately following the toast, Katherine begins to follow up the conspicuousplan. Minghella uses on a normal lens for this shot. Both Katherine and her backgroundare in focus. Also, in view at this time is Count Almasy, still in his position behind thebars of the window watching the acting Katherine. The window is shown at the middle ofKatherine fakes an illness and then denies permission to an escort who offers totake care of her. She meets up with Almasy in a doorway and walks behind him as theyhold hands and go into a back private room of the Embassy. The lighting in the doorwayis dark. At no time during this scene is there any artificial light ing. The sound heard atthis time is of people talking as they congregate just outside of where the two areinteracting.The viewers see a close up of the Katherine and Almasy through a telephotolens when Almasy begins to undress Katherine Clifton. A beautiful cutting rhythm isincorporated as the camera swiftly moves from the face of Katherine to the face ofAlmasy back to the face and body of Katherine and then a shot of both of their faces. When shown, the heads of the characters dominate the entire screen and littlebackground in visible. To add irony to the situation, the song Silent Night has soundedduring their interaction. This music starts precisely when Almasy puts his hand on thedress and bra strap of Katherine and gets louder as they proceed to undress and climaxesas they are having sex. In addition to Silent Night we also hear echoes coming from anorquestra. Katherine and Almasy contradict the lyrics of the Christmas carol. Theemphasis here reinforces the fact that it is Chri stmas and they are committing a severeAs the scene progresses, there is a zoom in on the neck of Katherine. The camerafocuses on the neck of Katherine. It is specifically on the sensitive section right above thecollar bone. This shot foreshadows a later remark made by Almasy during a sequencewhen he and Katherine make love and Almasy states: I claim this for me. The otherobject which is in extreme focus and is zoomed in on is Katherines pearl necklace. Thepearl necklace, which is a valuable accessory and could also be used as a term whichcontains sexual reference, is representative of Katherines marriage to Geoffrey Clifton,her current husband. The off white color of the pearls suggests innocence, acharacteristic which Katherine obviously contrasts. The shot cuts to show the man playing the bag pipes. The musician is located onthe left half of the screen leaving the right side displaying a window characterized bysmoked glass. Through this window, we are able to see shadows of Almasy and Cliftonmaking love. The music reaches its climax in terms of intensity and loudness at thispoint and the suspense also reaches a maximum. The scene cuts to Katherine one final time and her head is dominating the entirescreen from left to right. The sound of Silent Night fades out and the scene cuts backto the courtyard where the soldiers are sitting. The camera at this point is where it wasfor the original toast, high above, tilting down. The scene ends with the soldiers raisingthere glasses for another toast.The toast shows satire as it appears as if they aredrinking to the fact that Katherine and Almasy just finished their lovemaking when theyare actually making a toast with regard to the war or holiday. The English Patient utilizes all aspects of cinematography so brilliantly which iswhy there is such a tremendous amount of meaning. The dialogue is so deep andsignificant that every line should be carefully listened to and thought about. Although thedialogue was limited in my scene, the sound of Silent Night and the music from theorquestra played a significant role in determining the scenes meaning.All of the rest of technicalities of the scene are consistent with the rest of the film. In the scene, along with the rest of the film, there is no artificial lighting. Most of the keylighting came from the sun or the moon. For scenes inside, either light came throughwindows or certain objects that were used on the set gave light. For example if acharacter utilized a flashlight, that would provide the source of light. Other examplesinclude light from bonfires and lanterns. The type of camera lens which dominated myscene and most of the film was a telephoto lens. The telephoto lens is chara cterized by ashallow depth of field. Given that, only the close objects are in focus while thebackground images are blurred. Minghellas use of a telephoto lens time and time againduring climatic points also highlights and emphasizes the two themes mentioned above. Ifeel it is also necessarily to complement the superb job on the costumes and makeup. Itadded a sense a realism in an extraordinary amount. Lastly, the cutting rhythm during myscene and the entire film were similar. Although sometimes slow, often times they werequick creating a sense of realism and suspense which made the viewer want to watch on. Bibliography:

Fin/370 Starbucks Ethics Compliance free essay sample

Ethic and Compliance FIN/370 Ethics and Compliance Starbucks celebrates 40 years with 17,000 stores in more than 50 countries (Goals Progress, 2010). Starbucks thrive on their values as a company to improve the lives of people who grow their coffee, neighborhoods where the company does business, and they care for the environment (Goals Progress, 2010). Starbucks strives to incorporate good business practices and ethics across the globe not only for the enhancement of the company but also for the enhancement of the stakeholders and the communities the company impacts. Starbuck’s mission statement is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit. As said by Howard Schultz, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, in the 2010 Starbucks Global Responsibility Report; â€Å"one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. † Ethical Behavior Ethical standards play an intricate role in safe guarding companies’ assets. To ensure that all employees understand what the company expects of them, Starbucks establishes procedures for the employees to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Fin/370 Starbucks Ethics Compliance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of Starbucks’ procedures is to use â€Å"ethical trading and responsible growing practices† (Ethical Sourcing, 2011, para. ). This procedure ensures that Starbucks’ product is the best on the market. Starbucks has also established Coffee and Farmed Equity (CAFE) Practices. The CAFE Practices are a set of measurable standards focused in four areas: Product Quality, Economic Accountability, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Leadership (Starbucks Corporation, 2011). The CAFE Practices are in place to ensure that all parties involved are conducting business ethically. Product Quality is essential to ensure repeat business. Economic Accountability is set in place to ensure that the company purchases products ethically. Starbucks has a third-party to evaluate Social Responsibility and Environmental Leadership (Starbucks Corporation, 2011). These two areas evaluated by a third-party, guarantees Starbucks is treating their employees and the environment ethically. Starbucks’ ethics have contributed to their many years of success. SEC Regulations The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a federal agency, which is responsible for enforcing federal security laws and regulations, the nation’s stock exchanges, and other electronic security markets (Keown, Martin, Petty, Scott, 2005). Starbucks as well as other corporations must conform to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Starbucks make every effort to comply with the SEC regulations by providing the company’s financial state on the company’s website. Starbucks’ website provides annual reports, proxy filings, quarterly reports, 10-K’s, 10-Q’s, and Section 16 filings regarding insider trading (Starbucks Corporation, 2011). Starbucks must report all financial standings. If Starbucks fails to report the required information, the SEC has the authority to take legal action. Financial Performance The Financial performance of a company is the measuring (in monetary teams) of the firm’s polices and operations. These measurements consist of Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return on Assets, and Net Profit Margin. Measuring a company’s financial performance help the company know where they profits are and in what areas of any that the company may need to improve. These measurements can determine the success or failure of a company. In the December 2009, National Federation of Independent Business report shows that two thirds of businesses make no profit. This is not the case with Starbucks. Current Ratio The current ratio of a company examines the credit from a liquidity standpoint. To see how much short-term liabilities the business can pay off with short-term assets. The higher the number of this ratio represents how wisely the company manages their cash and pays their debts. If the number is lower it translates as poor cash flow and would mean that in the instance the company needed to pay debts off they would have to liquidate fixed assets such as inventory or equipment. The formula for figuring the current ratio is: [pic] Starbucks reported their current assets as $2,756. 4M and the current liabilities as $1,779. 1M in 2010. Using these numbers show a ratio of 1. 549; this is a fairly low number for a company considering anything under â€Å"1† is reason for concern. Starbucks reported their current assets as $2,035. 8M and $1,581. 0M in 2009. Using these numbers show a ratio of 1. 287; this number is also considerably low but does show improvement from 2009 to 2010. Starbucks acknowledges the need for liquidity but comply with federally limits and believes the credit risk to be very minimal (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). Debt to Equity Ratio The debt to equity ratio examines the credit from a financing standpoint to see how much equity and debt is the company using to finance its assets. The debt to equity ratio determines how much of their growth the company is experiencing by increasing debt and shows if the company had to pay off debt and how much money would remain for the shareholders profits. The formula for figuring the debt to equity is: [pic] Starbucks reported their total liabilities as $2,703. 6M and the shareholder equity as $3. 674. 7M in 2010. Using these numbers one can show a ratio of . 36; this number should be low and under â€Å"1† so this number is an attractive ratio. Starbucks reported their total liabilities as $2,519. 9M and shareholder equity as $3,045. 7 in 2009. Using these numbers the company can show a ratio of . 828 meaning that the debt to equity ratio improved from 2009 to 2010. Return on Assets The profit produced by invested capital is the return on assets. Th e operating return on assets (OROA) ratio takes into account an organization’s success in controlling expenses and the efficient use of assets to generate the organization’s sales (Titman, Keown, Martin, 2011). One can measure the return on assets ratio by the net operating income divided by the total assets. [pic] Starbucks reported an operating income of $390M and $5. 576M in total assets for 2009. Starbucks ended the fiscal year with an operating income of $390M compared to $315M in operating income in 2008 (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). This shows an increase in operating income from 4. 9% to 5. 7% from 2008 to 2009. However, Starbucks reported a decrease in total assets in 2009 of $5. 576M compared to 2008 when the reported total assets were $5. 72M (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). Starbucks decrease in total assets occurred because of related The United and international store closures, charges incurred for unoccupied office space resulting from reduction in corporate positions and organizational structural changes, and under-performing company-oriented retail operations. Although Starbucks reported a decrease in total assets, the organization’s operating return on assets was 7% for the 2009 fiscal year. Net Profit Margin Firms use net profit margin to measure the amount of net income per $1 of sales. Reviewing net income as a percentage of total sales can allow investors and regulators to compare Starbucks Corporations ability to manage its income statement year over year. [pic] Net income in 2009 for Starbucks Corporation was $390. 8M with total sales of $9,774. 6M (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). A focus on supply chain improvements, back-end IT systems, and a better go-to-market engine helped remove $580M of costs from the business in fiscal 2009 (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). The net profit margin in 2009 was 3. 9% that includes $17M of store operating expenses that offset with an income tax credit that result in 30. 1% effective tax rate (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). Starbucks Corporation Net Profit Margin 2009 [pic] In 2010 net income increased to $945. 6M and total sales for Starbucks Corporation rose to a record $10,707. 4M (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). Income taxes in 2010 did not include a tax credit, resulting in a 34. 0% effective tax rate and 2011 tax rates expect to range from 34% to 35% (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). The net profit margin in 2010 rose to 8. 83%. Starbucks Corporation Net Profit Margin 2010 pic] The increase in Starbucks net profit margin show a stronger company emerged in fiscal 2010 after consumer trends and a weakened global economy in 2009. Investors should be aware of the 2009 income tax credit, which inflates the year-over-year not profit margin when determining future financial decisions. Conclusion Starbucks continues to set fourth standards in operating practices, ethics, and helping the community. The company also continues to thrive in the business world as they strive for the highest quality of customer service and providing a high quality of products. Starbucks shows commitment to shareholders by complying with the SEC to protect the company’s financial state. Starbucks provides financial reports on their website, and manages their cash and depts. Managing a company with these standards helps a company continue its success. Starbucks success shows in its current ratio, debt to equity ratio, return on assets, and net profit margin reports. These reports along with Starbucks firm operating practices shows Starbucks is a stable and trusting company. References Goals Progress. (2010). Starbucks Global Responsibility Report: Message from Howard Schutltz (para. 1). Retrieved from http://www. starbucks. com/responsibility on July 23, 2011. Goals Progress (2010) Starbucks Global Responsibility Report: Year Review: Fiscal 2010. Retrieved from http://www. starbucks. com/responsibility on July 23, 2011. Keown, A. , Martin, J. , Petty, J. , Scott, D. (2005). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (10th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. National Federation of Independent Business. (2009). Financial Performance. Retrieved from http://www. financialperformancecenter. com/The_Financial_Performance_Center/Why_Switch. html on July 24, 2011. Starbucks Corporation. (2009). Starbucks Investor Relations. Retrieved from http://investor. starbucks. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=99518p=irol-reportsAnnual. Starbucks Corporation. (2011). Ethical Sourcing. Retrieved from http://www. starbucks. com/responsibility/sourcing Titman, S. , Keown, A. J. , Martin, J. D. (2011) Financial Management: Principles and Applications (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Coffee Cup and Bomb Calorimetry

Coffee Cup and Bomb Calorimetry A calorimeter is a device used to measure the quantity of heat flow in a chemical reaction. Two of the most common types of calorimeters are the coffee cup calorimeter and the bomb calorimeter. Coffee Cup Calorimeter A coffee cup calorimeter is essentially a polystyrene (Styrofoam) cup with a lid. The cup is partially filled with a known volume of water and a thermometer is inserted through the lid of the cup so that its bulb is below the water surface. When a chemical reaction occurs in the coffee cup calorimeter, the heat of the reaction is absorbed by the water. The change in water temperature is used to calculate the amount of heat that has been absorbed (used to make products, so water temperature decreases) or evolved (lost to the water, so its temperature increases) in the reaction. Heat flow is calculated using the relation: q (specific heat) x m x Δt Where q is heat flow, m is mass in grams, and Δt is the change in temperature. The specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius. The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g ·Ã‚ °C). For example, consider a chemical reaction that occurs in 200 grams of water with an initial temperature of 25.0 C. The reaction is allowed to proceed in the coffee cup calorimeter. As a result of the reaction, the temperature of the water changes to 31.0 C. The heat flow is calculated: qwater 4.18 J/(g ·Ã‚ °C) x 200 g x (31.0 C - 25.0 C) qwater 5.0 x 103 J The products of the reaction evolved 5,000 J of heat, which was lost to the water. The enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the heat flow for the water: ΔHreaction -(qwater) Recall that for an exothermic reaction, ΔH 0, qwater is positive. The water absorbs heat from the reaction and an increase in temperature is seen. For an endothermic reaction, ΔH 0, qwater is negative. The water supplies heat for the reaction and a decrease in temperature is seen. Bomb Calorimeter A coffee cup calorimeter is great for measuring heat flow in a solution, but it cant be used for reactions that involve gases since they would escape from the cup. The coffee cup calorimeter cant be used for high-temperature reactions, either, because they would melt the cup. A bomb calorimeter is used to measure heat flows for gases and ​high-temperature reactions. A bomb calorimeter works in the same manner as a coffee cup calorimeter, with one big difference: In a coffee cup calorimeter, the reaction takes place in the water, while in a bomb calorimeter, the reaction takes place in a sealed metal container, which is placed in the water in an insulated container. Heat flow from the reaction crosses the walls of the sealed container to the water. The temperature difference of the water is measured, just as it was for a coffee cup calorimeter. Analysis of the heat flow is a bit more complex than it was for the coffee cup calorimeter because the heat flow into the metal parts of the calorimeter must be taken into account: qreaction - (qwater qbomb) where qwater 4.18 J/(g ·Ã‚ °C) x mwater x Δt The bomb has a fixed mass and specific heat. The mass of the bomb multiplied by its specific heat is sometimes termed the calorimeter constant, denoted by the symbol C with units of joules per degree Celsius. The calorimeter constant is determined experimentally and will vary from one calorimeter to the next. The heat flow of the bomb is: qbomb C x Δt Once the calorimeter constant is known, calculating heat flow is a simple matter. The pressure within a bomb calorimeter often changes during a reaction, so the heat flow may not be equal in magnitude to the enthalpy change.

Writrer choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writrer choice - Essay Example The notion that only African, as opposed to other races, were only fit to serve as slaves was an invention of whites who were in need of a working class.2 The working class, however, had to be legitimized; the legitimacy was that Africans could not fit elsewhere, but in the institution of slavery. More specifically, this paper compares the works of David walker’s appeal to the colored citizens of the world and Leslie Harris’s in the shadow of slavery. It will be argued that class was fundamental in institutionalization of the racial slavery, and the race solidarity in New York in the seventieth century. David Walker is a male abolitionist of an African- American origin. Further, the outspoken abolitionist was born to a slave father, but the mother was a free black mother.3 However, owing to the status of his mother, David Walker enjoyed that status of being a free black person. The author used his position as a free person to speak against the evils of slavery. In this work, appeal to the colored citizens of the world, the author writes against the evils of slavery in a bid to draw the attention of African American to a need for abolition of this practice. The first goal of his writing is to encourage the solidarity of African living under slavery. Walkers’ position as a free African during a period when slavery is ubiquitous in New York is likely to be instrumental in luring slaves into seeking a free African status. Whites during this era of slavery in New York have established a social class, and justified their actions as far has holding slaves is concern. In essence, the white slave owners believe that Africans are inferior, and do not belong to the social class of whites.4 To illustrate this, the author writes, â€Å"Has Mr. [Thomas] Jefferson declared to the world, that we are inferior to the whites, both in the endowments of

Honor System a Professional Responsibility Essay - 1

Honor System a Professional Responsibility - Essay Example They cannot afford any blunder in their behavior which may lead others to think anything in contrast to the behavior and belief which was expected of that person. This set of rules, this guideline that is there to direct members on how to act or more specifically, how NOT to act, is called the honor code. In simple terms, it is there to uphold the honor of the community by avoiding any action which goes against its teachings. There are majorly two types of honor codes. One is academic and the other is for forces. The academic honor code is highly evolved into becoming perfect now. All major colleges and universities have their own honor codes which have been perfected to their own standards by trial and error. Students have found loopholes in each one of them and when discovered, the holes were filled by re writing the code for the new students. The result is that the present honor codes, though different, are very well defined and do not give any excuse to any student to behave in a way regarded as unacceptable. The honor codes for forces are present for all three, the Naval, Air Force and Military. At the heart of these honor codes, is the military honor code. Being trusted by the public for the welfare and security of that whole country, the military honor code is well defined and comprises of the essence of responsibility. It reads that "A cadet will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate those who do." (USAF Academy, 1985) This is all very interesting. Surely it shows how thoroughly the code encompasses the whole idea of the organization. The soldier knows by reading the code what his duties and responsibilities are and how to go about fulfilling them. This will help shape his life at the academies. From the very start he knows what is required of him and he will be following a clear cut path towards becoming the sort of soldier and commander that is required and expected of him by the nation.

Rome and Milan During the Renaissance Essay Example for Free

Rome and Milan During the Renaissance Essay The Renaissance is a period in the history of Europe beginning in about 1400. The word Renaissance in French means rebirth. During the Renaissance, there were many famous artists, many writers and many philosophers. Many people studied mathematics and different sciences. A person who is knowledgeable in many different things is sometimes called a Renaissance man. Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, a scientist, a musician and a philosopher, is the most famous Renaissance Man. The Renaissance started in Italy but soon spread across the whole of Europe. People † The time of Ancient Greece and Rome, when there were many philosophers, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and mathematicians was seen by people as a Golden Age, a time when things were beautiful, well-organized and well-run. This time had lasted from about 400 BC to about 400 AD. In the year 1400, in the city of Rome, people could wander around looking up at the ruins of a city that had once been great. Inside the broken walls that had been smashed in 410 AD were the remains of huge temples, sports arenas, public baths, apartment blocks and palaces. Nearly all of them were ruined and could not be used. Nearly all of them were half-buried in dirt. A lot of them were pulled down to use as building stone. But they showed people what great things could be done. Among the ruins of this once-great city, the people of Rome lived in cottages. They still went to church in the huge churches (basilicas) built by the first Christian Emperor, Constantine the Great, in the 4th century. They still held market day in the Ancient Roman market place of Campo dei Fiori (Field of Flowers). One day in 1402, into the middle of Rome, came a young man called Filippo Brunelleschi and a teenage boy called Donatello. They were fascinated by everything that they saw. They measured ancient ruined buildings, they drew things and they dug around for weeks looking for bits of broken statues and painted pottery that they could stick together. They were probably the worlds first archaeologists. By the time they went back home to Florence, they knew more about Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture than anyone had known for about a thousand years. Brunelleschi became a very famous architect and Donatello became a very famous sculptor. They both used the ideas that they had, when they were studying the remains of ancient Rome†. [1] During the renaissance there was great economic growth. †In the 13th century, much of Europe experienced strong economic growth. The trade routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports and eventually the Hanseatic League of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe to create a network economy in Europe for the first time since the 4th century. The city-states of Italy expanded greatly during this period and grew in power to become de facto fully independent of the Holy Roman Empire; apart from the Kingdom of Naples, outside powers kept their armies out of Italy. During this period, the modern commercial infrastructure developed, with double-entry book-keeping, joint stock companies, an international banking system, a systematized foreign exchange market, insurance, and government debt. [2] Florence became the centre of this financial industry and the gold florin became the main currency of international trade. The new mercantile governing class, who gained their position through financial skill, adapted to their purposes the feudal aristocratic model that had dominated Europe in the Middle Ages. A feature of the High Middle Ages in Northern Italy was the rise of the urban communes which had broken from the control by bishops and local counts. In much of the region, the landed nobility was poorer than the urban patriarchs in the High Medieval money economy whose inflationary rise left land-holding aristocrats impoverished. The increase in trade during the early Renaissance enhanced these characteristics. The decline of feudalism and the rise of cities influenced each other; for example, the demand for luxury goods led to an increase in trade, which led to greater numbers of tradesmen becoming wealthy, who, in turn, demanded more luxury goods. This change also gave the merchants almost complete control of the governments of the Italian city-states, again enhancing trade. One of the most important effects of this political control was security. Those that grew extremely wealthy in a feudal state ran constant risk of running afoul of the monarchy and having their lands confiscated, as famously occurred to Jacques Coeur in France. The northern states also kept many medieval laws that severely hampered commerce, such as those against usury, and prohibitions on trading with non-Christians. In the city-states of Italy, these laws were repealed or rewritten†. [2] Romans architecture was also something developed during the renaissance. â€Å"The obvious distinguishing features of Classical Roman architecture were adopted by Renaissance architects. However, the forms and purposes of buildings had changed over time, as had the structure of cities. Among the earliest buildings of the reborn Classicism were churches of a type that the Romans had never constructed. Neither were there models for the type of large city dwellings required by wealthy merchants of the 15th century. Conversely, there was no call for enormous sporting fixtures and public bath houses such as the Romans had built. The ancient orders were analysed and reconstructed to serve new purposes†. [3] â€Å"The Roman orders of columns are used:- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi†. [4] There were some people in Rome who weren’t Christian and even opposed it. â€Å"There are thousands of instances of this kind, where nothing will prevail,not even the majesty of the Christian name nor reverence for Christ himself (whom the angels fall down and worship, though weak and depraved mortals may insult him), nor yet the fear of punishment or the armed inquisitors of heresy. The prison and stake are alike impotent to restrain the impudence of ignorance or the audacity of heresy†. [5] The Roman renaissance was the greatest renaissance. â€Å"They left Florence for a city that was greater than Florence ever dreamed of being, They left for the imperial city they left for rome†. [6] Milan was also very important in the renaissance. â€Å"When we think of the Renaissance we automatically think of Italy, but we must not fall into thinking of the Italian peninsula during this time as a nation. Far from it he southern half of the Italian boot was the Kingdom of Naples. In the North was the most powerful of the city-statesthe Duchy of Milan†. [7] â€Å"Central to the city of Milan were the Dominicans. Church and state were not separate but two legs of a single civic being, neither of which could have survived long without the other. The home of the Dominicans, the church of Santa Maria della Grazie went from being a modest oratory in the middle ages to a major cathedral with its own elaborate monastery complex in the fifteenth century, becoming the centre of all learning in the city. It was here, in the refectory (dining hall) that Leonardo staged his Last Supper. It was here Bramante learned his trade, laying the foundation for the new St. Peters Cathedral in Rome. Unlike Venice or Florence, or Rome, Milan (aside from the Last Supper) is not known for its painting but for its robust power and pursuit of scientific knowledge. Architecture and engineering, science and religion were the key elements in its strong, towering presence as it cast a ponderous shadow over all of Italy during this time. †[8] References http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=gp=aa=iID=423 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture#cite_ref-10 http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance

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Organizations have long sought to provide employees with consolidated desktop access to the various applications, business processes, and sources (both technology and human) required to perform knowledge-based work. But as recently as five years ago, the desktop environment was still woefully inadequate to this task. The ability to access aggregated enterprise information on-demand required a more reflective, process-centric model of desktop computing-that is, if someone were to look over your shoulder as you work, would their view of your desktop reflect the nature of the work (i.e., the business processes) in which you're engaged? The classic desktop computing interface did not allow this kind of on-demand access-much of the integration between information, enterprise apps, and business process still occurred in the "gray matter" between the ears of knowledge workers. The enterprise information portal (EIP) addresses this need.. At their core functional level, EIPs are all about access-a single point of personalized, on-line access to business information and knowledge sources, as well as, increasingly, real-time access to core applications and processes. Key enabling technologies here include advances in security (including sophisticated directory/authentication services), the proliferation of "portlets" or "gadgets" (API-like chunks of code for plugging enterprise apps into the portal), as well as the maturation and widespread adoption of XML (for "active" or "intelligent" content). As the technology behind portals evolves, so do the ways in which enterprises are using enterprise portals to achieve their business goals. Originally adopted by small departments and subsets of employees, the portal concept has expanded to encompass virtually all employees as well as the extended organization's partners and su ppliers. Enterprise portals are reaching all the way out to individual customers, providing them with a personalized view of the organization or enterprise.

Monopoly as a source of market failure Essay

Abtsract. Environmental problems also occur when one of the participants in an exchange of property rights is able to exercise an inordinate amount of power over the outcome. This can occur, for example, when a product is sold by a single seller, or monopoly. A firm that has no competitors in its industry is called a monopoly. Monopolies are not all evil. Neither are they utterly good. Monopolies are much maligned because their profit incentive leads them to raise prices and lower output in order to squeeze more money out of consumers. As a result, governments typically go out of their way to break up monopolies and replace them with competitive industries that generate lower prices and higher output. Our study examines Arcelor-Mittal: the uncontrolled growth of this steel giant often at the expense of peoples’ health in a rapidly globalizing world has given people all around the world common cause for resistance. We have focused on Arcelor-Mittal Temirtau Kazakhstan which as we think is the best example of monopoly of market failure. Our paper work on â€Å"Monopoly as a source of market failure† explores global steel giant’s environmental and social impacts in 2008-2009 that have emerged from the Environmental&Natural Resource Economics. First, we provide the background information about the theory of natural monopoly as a source of market failure. Then we show the certain case of such monopoly – ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan. Our research analysis is divided to two parts: background information and social&environmental impacts of global steel giant’s work in our homeland. Considering the situation and the current conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we then provide following solutions to the company that have to be implemented in order to enable it to overcome and or limit the potential problems in the foresseable future. This topic is very crucial and relevant not just only for our country to be mentioned and finally to be solved but also for the whole world as Arcelor-Mittal is operating worldwide. However it still neither has taken into account the seriousness of the problems that it has induced to the environment nor all of the responsibility. Introduction: The rise of a steel giant. We are all shareholders, maybe not in the company, but 1 / 13 indeed in our environments, and shareholders of corporations such as ArcelorMittal need to be aware of this reality. Company shareholders are often blinded by the glossy reports, company greenwash and figures detailing rising profits. This paper work seeks to create a new awareness amongst ArcelorMittal’s shareholders, and calls on them to act on the evidence presented. Many perceive the rise of Mittal Steel – now ArcelorMittal – from a small mill to a global steel giant as one of the great wonders of the business world. The success of the company has coincided with the exploitation of weaker national laws and political wrangling. In the last three decades Mittal has bought up old, run-down state-owned steel factories in places like Trinidad, Mexico, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, South Africa and Algeria. The cost of Mittal Steel’s success has largely been paid by the communities living and working near the company’s plants. Mittal Steel has a global reputation for prioritising productivity over the environment, communities and fair labour practices in countries where it operates steel mills, such as Romania, Poland, Czech Republic South Africa, Kazakhstan and the United States, in spite of frequent company statements about its attention to and investment in these areas. No longer can they be uninformed shareholders reaping annual profits. They need to accept responsibility for the negative impacts their investments have on peoples’ lives along with accepting the profits they reap on their shares. It is critical to understand that the local injustices presented in the report will not just ‘go away’. They need careful deliberation and shareholder resolutions for ethical investment that calls for improved operations on the ground in order to deliver environmental justice to local people. Economic monopolies have existed throughout much of human history. In ancient and medieval times dire scarcity of resources was common and affected the lives of most human beings. When resources are extremely scarce, little room exists for a multiplicity of producers for many products and services. Monopoly is a well-defined market structure where there is only one seller who controls the entire market supply, as there are no close substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the entry of rival producers. However in this dynamically changing world there is no such situation where the commodity does not have a substitute. So for a monopoly to be effective there must be no practical substitutes for the product or service sold, and no serious threat of the entry of a competitor into the market. This enables the seller (â€Å"monopolist†) to control the price. The term monopolist is derived from the Greek word â€Å"mono†, meaning â€Å"single†, and â€Å"polist† meaning seller. Thus the monopolist may be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. At the beginning we state the background information about the theory of natural monopoly as a source of market failure. Then we show the certain case of such monopoly – ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan. Our research analysis is divided to two parts: background information and social&environmental impacts of global steel giant’s work in our homeland. Considering the situation and the current conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we then provide following solutions to the company that have to be implemented in order to enable it to overcome and or limit the potential problems in the foresseable future. The Theory of Natural Monopoly. Market failure occurs when resources are misallocated, or allocated inefficiently. There are five important sources of market failure, each of which results from the failure of one of the assumptions basic to the perfectly competitive model. Each also points to a potential role for government in the economy. One of the causes of market failure is imperfect competition, particularly monopolies. An imperfectly competitive market is one where the assumption of many buyers and sellers does not hold. These types of market organizations include monopoly, monopsony, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. The operations of monopoly or natural monopoly often result in misuse of market power and inefficient allocation of resources, which reduce community welfare. For this reason, governments generally regulate monopoly and enforce laws preventing cartels. This type is a major rationale for a comprehensive competition policy. A monopoly is a market with one seller and many buyers. A monopoly may exist because of special 2 / 13 government regulation or because the monopolist is the sole owner of a resource (due to a patent or some other reason). A monopoly has the following characteristics: †¢There is only one producer in the market †¢They sell a single product with no close substitutes †¢Monopolies are price makers. The monopolies demand curve is the market demand curve; therefore the firm can sell the product at a higher price but only if it reduces output. It has control over the price or quantity sold, but not both. †¢There are very strong barriers to entry. This might include: High capital costs; High ‘sunk’ costs. Sunk costs are those which cannot be recovered if the firm goes out of business, such as advertising costs – the greater the sunk costs the greater the barrier. Technological knowledge, when one firm acquires the technological know-how that other firms do not have Patents and copyrights, protecting other firms from copying their product; Government regulations and restrictions; The monopoly can execute predatory pricing which involves dropping price very low in a ‘demonstration’ of power and to put pressure on existing or potential rivals and/or limit pricing. Limit pricing is a specific type of predatory pricing which involves a firm setting a price just below the average cost of new entrants – if new entrants match this price they will make a loss! A natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is a firm that can supply a good or service to an entire market at a lower price than if there were two or more firms. It has some similarities to a monopolist. It is an imperfect competitor, the sole producer in a market, and able to retain this position because of barriers to entry, such as government regulation, technological leadership or large start-up capital, It is able to restrict output in order to increase price and earn supernormal profits. However, a natural monopoly has a downward-sloping average cost curve (AC) over the relevant range of outputs, which results from economies of scale. Economies of scale develop in the long run, which is a period of time when all inputs are variable and the constraints imposed by diminishing returns no longer apply. The graph below shows the long run as being made up of a series of short-run periods, shown as a series of short-run AC en shown together illustrate economies of scale. Figure 1. Economies of scale. Source Senior Economics Workbook: NCEA Level 3. Geoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, 2005. Chapter 10. Page 93. A â€Å"natural monopoly† because it is economically efficient for there to only be one supplier. The following diagram can help to illustrate just why: Figure 2. A natural monopoly. Source Senior Economics Workbook: NCEA Level 3. Geoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, 2005. Chapter 10. Page 109. Given the downward sloping supply curve, and ignoring the demand curve for a minute, having an equilibrium at point E1, which gives us price P1. We could assume that this is a monopoly equilibrium, where Q1 represents the entire size of the market – it represents everybody who wants to buy the good. But in the case of a duopoly market, where there are two suppliers, we could assume that each seller in the market has exactly half of the market. This corresponds to the equilibrium E2 on the above diagram, which gives us quantity Q2 and price P2. We can assume the Q2 = 0. 5 x Q1, and that each of the two firms supplies Q2 of the good in question. And here a major problem arises. If we have one firm only, the marginal cost of supply is P1, which is lower than the duopoly price, P2. This means that having two firms in a market ends up with the firms having to charge a higher price than if only one firm existed. In this case, it is efficient, or â€Å"natural†, for there to only be one firm in 3 / 13 the market. This is why declining-marginal-cost industries are called natural monopolies. Because natural monopolies tend to be utilities, which are services like gas, electricity, water and telephones, which the public generally holds to be necessities of life, we are not comfortable allowing these firms to charge monopoly prices (i. e. , the pricing where MR = MC). Because these are staples or necessities, the demand curve for these goods is very inelastic – it is very steep. This means that the monopolist price would be much higher than the free-market price, and a large volume of people would be denied basic necessities of life. Instead, we use the power of government to regulate prices in these markets. The normal avenue for regulation of natural monopolies is the public utilities commission. These exist at the state-level in the United States, and at the national level in many other countries. Utilities commissions are given the task of making sure that utility companies make enough money to stay in business, but not enough to enjoy monopoly profits. They make sure that everybody is served, and served well, in theory. Since utilities are monopolies that are not subject to market forces and competition, they have little pressure to be responsive to market forces, which means that they do not have to treat their customers well, because their customers do not have the ability to switch to a different supplier. The costs of monopoly: †¢Less choice. Clearly, consumers have less choice if supply is controlled by a monopolist – for example, the Post Office used to be monopoly supplier of letter collection and delivery services across the UK and consumers had no alternative letter collection and delivery service. †¢High prices. Monopolies can exploit their position and charge high prices, because consumers have no alternative. This is especially problematic if the product is a basic necessity, like water. †¢Restricted output Monopolists can also restrict output onto the market to exploit its dominant position over a period of time, or to drive up price. †¢Less consumer surplus A rise in price or lower output would lead to a loss of consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the extra net private benefit derived by consumers when the price they pay is less than what they would be prepared to pay. Over time monopolist can gain power over the consumer, which results in an erosion of consumer sovereignty. †¢Asymmetric information There is asymmetric information – the monopolist may know more than the consumer and can exploit this knowledge to its own advantage. †¢Productive inefficiency Monopolies may be productively inefficient because there are no direct competitors a monopolist has no incentive to reduce average costs to a minimum, with the result that they are likely to be productively inefficient. †¢Allocative inefficiency Monopolies may also be allocatively inefficient – it is not necessary for the monopolist to set price equal to the marginal cost of supply. In competitive markets firms are forced to ‘take’ their price from the industry itself, but a monopolist can set (make) their own price. Consumers cannot compare prices for a monopolist as there are no other close suppliers. This means that price can be set well above marginal cost. †¢Net welfare loss Even accounting for the extra profits derived by a monopolist, which can be put back into the economy when profits are distributed to shareholders, there is a net loss of welfare to the community. Welfare loss is the loss of community benefit, in terms of consumer and producer surplus, that occurs when a market is supplied by a monopolist rather than a large number of competitive firms. 4 / 13. †¢Monopoly welfare loss A ‘net welfare loss’ refers any welfare gains less any welfare loses as a result of an economic transaction or a government intervention. Using ‘welfare analysis’ allows the economist to evaluate the impact of a monopoly. †¢Less employment Monopolists may employ fewer people than in more competitive markets. Employment is largely determined by output – the more output a firm produces the more labour it will require. As output is lower for a monopolist it can also be assumed that employment will also be lower. The benefits of monopoly:Monopolies can provide certain benefits, including: †¢Exploit economies of scale As we have already mentioned above, the natural monopoly exploits economies of large scale. This means that it can produce at low cost and pass these savings on to the consumer. However, there would be little incentive to do this and the savings made might be used to increase profits or raise barriers to entry for future rivals. †¢Dynamic efficiency Monopolists can also be dynamically efficient – once protected from competition monopolies may undertake product or process innovation to derive higher profits, and in so doing become dynamically efficient. It can be argued that only firms with monopoly power will be in the position to be able to innovate effectively. Because of barriers to entry, a monopolist can protect its inventions and innovations from theft or copying. †¢Avoidance of duplication of infrastructure The avoidance of wasteful duplication of scarce resources – if the monopolist is a ‘natural monopoly’ it can be argued that competitive supply would be wasteful. Natural monopolies include gas, rail and electricity supply. A natural monopoly occurs when all or most of the available economies of scale have been derived by one firm – this prevents other firms from entering the market. But having more than one firm will mean a wasteful duplication of scarce resources. †¢Revenue Monopolists can also generate export revenue for a national economy. A single firm may gain from economies of scale in its own domestic economy and develop a cost advantage which it can exploit and sell relatively cheaply abroad. Remedies for monopoly:If a monopolist can gain a foothold in a market it becomes very difficult for new firms to enter, with the result that the price mechanism is restricted from doing its job. Resources cannot be allocated to where they are most needed because the monopolist can erect barriers to other firms. These barriers will not ‘naturally’ come down. The failure of markets to ‘self regulate’ is at the heart of monopoly as a ‘market failure. There are a number of ways in which the negative effects of monopoly power can be reduced: Regulation of firms who abuse their monopoly power. This could be achieved in a number of ways, including: †¢Price controls Setting price controls. For example, the current UK competition regulator, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), has developed a system of price ‘capping’ for the previously state owned natural monopolies like gas and water. This price capping involves tying prices to just below the current general inflation rate. The formula, RPI – X, is used, where the RPI (the Retail Price Index) is the chosen index of inflation and ‘X’ is a level of price reduction agreed between the regulator and the firm, based on expected efficiency gains. †¢Prohibiting mergers Prohibiting mergers – in the UK the Competition Commission can prohibit mergers between firms that create a combined market share of 25% or more if it believes that the merger would be against the ‘public interest’. In making their judgement, the ‘public interest’ takes into account the effect of the merger on jobs, prices and the level of competition. †¢Breaking up the monopoly Breaking up the monopoly into several smaller firms. For example regulators in the EU are currently 5 / 13 investigating potential abuse of market dominance by Microsoft, which is under threat of being broken up into two companies – one for its operating systems and the other for software. †¢NationalisationBringing the monopoly under public control – which is referred to as ‘nationalisation’. The ultimate remedy for an abusive monopoly is for the State to take a controlling interest in the firm by acquiring over 50% of its shares, or to take it over completely. The monopolist can still be run along commercial lines, but be made to operate as though the market were competitive. †¢Deregulation In those cases where a monopolist is already State controlled, such as the Post Office, it may be necessary to engage in deregulation to enable it to become more efficient. Deregulation could be used to bring down barriers to entry and open up a previously state controlled industry to competition, as has happened with the British Telecom and British Rail monopolies. This may help encourage new entrants into a market. Do Monopolies Undermine The Environment? As monopoly and natural monopoly tend to have a perpetual ownership of a scarce resource, they do not only ‘tie-up’ the existing scarce resources making it difficult for new entrants to exploit these resources, but also they often cause some environmental problems. Furthermore for many skeptics of the environmental benefits of market economies it seems that the fear of monopoly control over natural resources is one of their greatest concerns as well. The reality is actually much more complicated, because of the following: 1. Most natural resource industries are not controlled by monopolies, and are in fact characterized by a high degree of competitiveness. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries are almost everywhere characterized by markets with hundreds or thousands of players, some of them big but with plenty of smaller players as well. While limited degrees of market power exist in some of these industries in some areas, on the whole they are actually some of the more competitive industries in the world. Even energy and mineral industries are fairly competitive and where they are not they are characterized by oligopoly structures, almost never a monopoly. 2. Monopolies restrict output and raise the price of goods above their marginal costs (which leads to a loss of social welfare), which is why economists (mostly) consider them bad. But from an environmental perspective, they may actually be quite good since they lead to lower resource use and higher prices. For example, if oil was a completely competitive market the price would be lower and we would burn even more of it than if OPEC kept the price artificially high! The problem the environmentalist faces is not that monopolies keep prices high and limit output (that’s called conservation), but that this has a regressive effect and hurts the poor. (By the way, this is one of the biggest issues that confront environmentalists more generally, who for the most part would like to see resource prices rise. ). 3. As to examples where monopolies restrict R&D or limit technological innovation, there certainly are examples of this, but in general, the profit motive is sufficient to overcome this. Bottom line: the cheap prices of resources are the greatest threat to advances in efficiency and monopolies lead us in the opposite direction. 4. There are examples of what economists call â€Å"natural monopolies† where fixed costs are so high that only one company can be profitable providing a given service in a given region; examples are water, telecommunications, and electricity (imagine if every provider of water had to build their own pipe system? ). In cases where natural monopolies arise it is much more efficient for society to grant the company limited monopoly rights and regulate them. These are often called public utilities and abound in America (PG&E is my public utility in CA). The problem with public utilities is that often the regulators force them to charge very low prices that favor consumers but again lead to increased uses of resource; that is, if the monopolies were unregulated we would see lower resource use. 5. Let us not forget that the biggest monopolies in the history of humanity are state-owned. The monopolies in the former Soviet Union were certainly the biggest ever (and the worst environmental 6 / 13 offenders the world has ever known), and even today state-run monopolies for all sorts of resources (primarily oil, gas, and telecommunications) abound. Almost without fail, they are characterized by high prices, poor service, and abysmal environmental records. 6. Since competitive markets are one of the foundations of a prosperous economy, market-based societies have developed various forms of anti-trust legislation to ensure relatively high degrees of competitive in most markets. Laws regulating market share, anti-competitive pricing, etc. are commonplace in all of the advanced market systems, and have a relatively good record of success. Probably the greatest success has been in the telecommunications industry where deregulation has led to real price declines of almost 95% in telecommunications fees over the past 25 years. (Examples of the failure of states to break up monopolies abound in Latin America, particularly in telecom. I have written about how the Telmex in Mexico is one of the most egregious examples of robbing from the poor to give to the rich and how it is a great impediment to Mexico’s economic development. What the Mexiccam telecommunications industry desperately needs is more market-based competition to break Telmex’s grip, but unfortunately, due to immense corruption the average Mexican must continue to spend large shares of their meager earnings on phone calls. ) 7. Probably the biggest pro-competition policy is free trade and globalization. The greatest threats to regional and national monopolies come from trade from abroad and the innovation that trade accelerates. Contrary to popular wisdom, globalization does not increase the power of corporations over individuals, but just the reverse; people can shift their business to the other companies more easily as their choices increase. If you doubt this, just look at how lists of the â€Å"Fortune 500† companies continually shift every few years, and even more so in this more globalized age. In summary, while economists have long ago identified the pros and cons of monopolies, how they interact with environmental outcomes is not entirely straight-forward. What is obvious is that in non market-based economies we witness the worst forms of monopoly abuse and the resulting environmental degradation. ArcelorMittal: Going nowhere slowly. Background. ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan(formerly Mittal Steel Temirtau, Ispat Karmet and Karaganda Metallurgical Plant). Arcelor Mittal Temirtau (AMT), founded in 1950, is one of the largest integrated steel plants in the world. The steel plant, along with all its infrastructure facilities, captive coal, iron ore and power plant, was acquired by ArcelorMittal – then Ispat – from the Kazakhstan government in 1995. Located in the city of Temirtau, population 170 000, in the Karaganda Region of Central Kazakhstan, it covers about 5 000 hectares and has a steel-making capacity of about 5. 5 million tonnes per annum. AMT operates eight coal mines in the region, producing a total of 12 202 million tonnes of coal in 2007. In the same year AMT’s output of rolled steel was 3. 581 million tonnes. The plant exports about 90 percent of its output, mostly to Russia, Iran and China. The towns of Temirtau and Karaganda as well as the surrounding area (about 1 million people) indirectly depend on the plant, which used to account for nearly 10 percent of Kazakhstan’s GDP . As of 2006 it employed 55 000 people and generated 4 percent of the country’s GDP. Figure 3. ArcelorMittal Temirtau exports the majority of its steel output but local residents pay the costs. Photo by CEE Bankwatch Network. Table 1. Mittal’s plant in Temirtau has received several direct and indirect loans from IFIs in the last 12 years: Year1997 Financial InstitutionEBRD PurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in the steel mill and coal mines; develop value-added, higher quality steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & safety impacts and bring the company into compliance with World Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 54 million 7 / 13 RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1997 Financial InstitutionIFC. PurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in the steel mill and coal mines; develop value-added, higher quality steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & safety impacts and bring the company into compliance with World Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 132. 5 million RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1999 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo support the development of small and medium enterprises directly or indirectly associated with AMT and/or to assist workers formerly employed by AMT and/or to provide for the growth of the private sector in the Karaganda region. AmountUSD. 2. 5 million RecipientIndirect financial help to AMT through Kazkommertsbank. Year2001 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo stimulate the relationship between the large corporate sector (in this case AMT) and the private SME sector. AmountUSD 3. 4 million equity investments. RecipientAMT. Year2004 Financial InstitutionIFC corporate loanPurposeTo enable LNM to improve the environmental performance of its present and future subsidiaries and bring them up to World Bank Group and/or European Union standards; – to assist LNM in creating and maintaining an environmental and worker health and safety system on a corporate wide level, to bring all its current and future operations in compliance with WB and/or EU standards;- to rehabilitate, dbottleneck and provide working capital and cash support to LNM’s present and future subsidiaries.